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James W. Papez

Bio: James W. Papez is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Thalamus & Tegmentum. The author has an hindex of 11, co-authored 20 publications receiving 3623 citations.

Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The following discussion presents some anatomic, clinical and experimental data dealing with the hypothalamus, the gyrus cinguli, the hippocampus and their interconnections, which are proposed as representing theoretically the anatomic basis of the emotions.
Abstract: The work of Cannon,1Bard,2Penfield,3Ranson4and others has greatly advanced knowledge of the functions of the hypothalamus. In the light of these researches the connections of the hypothalamus to the medial wall of the cerebral cortex gain a new significance. The following discussion presents some anatomic, clinical and experimental data dealing with the hypothalamus, the gyrus cinguli, the hippocampus and their interconnections. Taken as a whole, this ensemble of structures is proposed as representing theoretically the anatomic basis of the emotions. It is generally recognized that in the brain of lower vertebrates the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere is connected anatomically and integrated physiologically with the hypothalamus and that the lateral wall is similarly related to the dorsal thalamus (Herrick5). These fundamental relations are not only retained but greatly elaborated in the mammalian brain by the further development of the hippocampal formation

3,222 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The ventral thalamus consists of the hypothalamus and the subthalamus, which are believed to deal with the integration of the internal organic environment with the various experiences of the organism through the medium of the forebrain and the supra-optic decussations.
Abstract: The ventral thalamus consists of the hypothalamus and the subthalamus. The nuclear masses of the ventral thalamus form an ancient and unique ensemble of structures which, through their close union with the basal parts of the forebrain on the one hand and with the tegmental region of the midbrain on the other, may be regarded as closely interrelated anatomicophysiologic systems. The mechanism of the hypothalamus is believed to deal with the integration of the internal organic environment with the various experiences of the organism through the medium of the forebrain and the supra-optic decussations; that of the subthalamus, with the generalized primitive motor reactions through the tegmentum and the reticular formation. From the region of the forebrain the olfactory impulses are brought into the hypothalamus by way of the functionally old preoptic region, and from the hypothalamus they are brought into functional relation with the dorsal thalamus and tegmental region

87 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A considerable amount of research has been done on the classification, delimitation and cyto-architecture of the nuclear masses of the dorsal thalamus on lower mammals and on the lower primates, so that at present there exists a highly standardized descriptive concept of this formerly obscure region of the brain.
Abstract: In recent years a considerable amount of research has been done on the classification, delimitation and cyto-architecture of the nuclear masses of the dorsal thalamus. This has been done chiefly on lower mammals and on the lower primates, so that at present there exists a highly standardized descriptive concept of this formerly obscure region of the brain. As yet this work has not been carried into the higher primates and at the present we are still dependent on the older authors and older systems of nuclear classification for interpretations of the conditions in these forms and in particular in man. Since the work of Mann (1905), Vogt (1909), Malone (1910), Neiding (1911), and Friedemann (1911), little attention has been given to the primate thalamus till the recent work of Pines (1927), who followed closely the precepts of the former authors. The most recent works on the lower primates and closely

67 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Connections of the red nucleus are complex and hard to elucidate in histologic series of the normal human brain, because of a number of natural conditions.
Abstract: Connections of the red nucleus are complex and hard to elucidate in histologic series of the normal human brain. The difficulties arise from a number of natural conditions. The nucleus occupies a central position in the tegmentum, where it is closely surrounded by ascending and descending fiber tracts. In man the nucleus consists of three parts, of which the medial and lateral are greatly enlarged, while the large cells of the posterior part are markedly reduced in number.1The posterior and lateral parts are traversed by a large mass of fibers of the brachium conjunctivum. Each of the three parts of the red nucleus is related to a descending fiber tract, only one of which, the rubrospinal tract, crosses near its origin. Moreover, the oral end of the red nucleus is enclosed in the prerubral field H, or nucleus campi Foreli, composed of neuropil and cells, which marks the

56 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Various findings are reviewed in relation to the idea that ACC is a part of a circuit involved in a form of attention that serves to regulate both cognitive and emotional processing, and how the success of this regulation in controlling responses might be correlated with cingulate size.

5,824 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that these drugs reduce anxiety by impairing the functioning of a widespread neural system including the septo-hippocampal system (SHS), the Papez circuit, the prefrontal cortex, and ascending monoaminergic and cholinergic pathways which innervate these forebrain structures.
Abstract: A model of the neuropsychology of anxiety is proposed. The model is based in the first instance upon an analysis of the behavioural effects of the antianxiety drugs (benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol) in animals. From such psychopharmacologi-cal experiments the concept of a “behavioural inhibition system” (BIS) has been developed. This system responds to novel stimuli or to those associated with punishment or nonreward by inhibiting ongoing behaviour and increasing arousal and attention to the environment. It is activity in the BIS that constitutes anxiety and that is reduced by antianxiety drugs. The effects of the antianxiety drugs in the brain also suggest hypotheses concerning the neural substrate of anxiety. Although the benzodiazepines and barbiturates facilitate the effects of γ-aminobutyrate, this is insufficient to explain their highly specific behavioural effects. Because of similarities between the behavioural effects of certain lesions and those of the antianxiety drugs, it is proposed that these drugs reduce anxiety by impairing the functioning of a widespread neural system including the septo-hippocampal system (SHS), the Papez circuit, the prefrontal cortex, and ascending monoaminergic and cholinergic pathways which innervate these forebrain structures. Analysis of the functions of this system (based on anatomical, physiological, and behavioural data) suggests that it acts as a comparator: it compares predicted to actual sensory events and activates the outputs of the BIS when there is a mismatch or when the predicted event is aversive. Suggestions are made as to the functions of particular pathways within this overall brain system. The resulting theory is applied to the symptoms and treatment of anxiety in man, its relations to depression, and the personality of individuals who are susceptible to anxiety or depression.

4,725 citations

Book
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: The brain's default state: self-organized oscillations in rest and sleep, and perturbation of the default patterns by experience.
Abstract: Prelude. Cycle 1. Introduction. Cycle 2. Structure defines function. Cycle 3. Diversity of cortical functions is provided by inhibition. Cycle 4. Windows on the brain. Cycle 5. A system of rhythms: from simple to complex dynamics. Cycle 6. Synchronization by oscillation. Cycle 7. The brain's default state: self-organized oscillations in rest and sleep. Cycle 8. Perturbation of the default patterns by experience. Cycle 9. The gamma buzz: gluing by oscillations in the waking brain. Cycle 10. Perceptions and actions are brain state-dependent. Cycle 11. Oscillations in the "other cortex:" navigation in real and memory space. Cycle 12. Coupling of systems by oscillations. Cycle 13. The tough problem. References.

4,266 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A critical comparison of findings across individual studies is provided and suggests that separate brain regions are involved in different aspects of emotion.

3,349 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The following discussion presents some anatomic, clinical and experimental data dealing with the hypothalamus, the gyrus cinguli, the hippocampus and their interconnections, which are proposed as representing theoretically the anatomic basis of the emotions.
Abstract: The work of Cannon,1Bard,2Penfield,3Ranson4and others has greatly advanced knowledge of the functions of the hypothalamus. In the light of these researches the connections of the hypothalamus to the medial wall of the cerebral cortex gain a new significance. The following discussion presents some anatomic, clinical and experimental data dealing with the hypothalamus, the gyrus cinguli, the hippocampus and their interconnections. Taken as a whole, this ensemble of structures is proposed as representing theoretically the anatomic basis of the emotions. It is generally recognized that in the brain of lower vertebrates the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere is connected anatomically and integrated physiologically with the hypothalamus and that the lateral wall is similarly related to the dorsal thalamus (Herrick5). These fundamental relations are not only retained but greatly elaborated in the mammalian brain by the further development of the hippocampal formation

3,222 citations