Every year approximately 30,000 people in the United States and one million worldwide die as a result of suicide. Over the last 100 years, suicides have out-numbered homicides by at least 3:2. Concerned with high suicide rates, several federal agencies joined together and asked the Institute of Medicine to convene the Committee on Pathophysiology and Prevention of Adolescent and Adult Suicide to examine the state of the science base, gaps in our knowledge, strategies for prevention, and research designs for the study of suicide.

Reducing Suicide: A National Imperative

The purpose of this article is to determine the future proportion and variants of usage of human intellect and artificial intelligence (AI) in entrepreneurship of industry 4.0 that fits social entrepreneurship the most. It could be convergence (simultaneous utilization during the same entrepreneurial processes with the emphasis on unique features by the terms of the competition) or divergence (usage during different business processes by the terms of labor division).,The authors determine the influence of usage of human capital and AI on the efficiency of social entrepreneurship. The authors identify the perspective directions of usage of AI in social entrepreneurship and evaluate the readiness and interest in the implementation of these directions of concerned parties. The authors also model the optimal proportions and the variant of usage of human intellect and AI in social entrepreneurship in the conditions of Industry 4.0 in the future (until 2030).,It is found that social entrepreneurship will use the opportunities of Industry 4.0 for optimization of its activities until 2030, but will refuse from full automatization, using human intellect and AI at the same time.,The most perspective directions of application of AI at social companies are a collection of social goods and services, marketing studies and promotion of social goods and services. Neither convergence nor divergence of human and artificial intellectual capital does not fully conform to the interests of concerned parties. The most preferable (optimal) variant of usage of human intellect and AI in social entrepreneurship in the Industry 4.0 is human intelligent decision support.

Human capital and AI in industry 4.0. Convergence and divergence in social entrepreneurship in Russia

Background Awareness of health risks of smoking is strongly associated with smoking behaviour. However, there are no population-based studies of smoking-related health knowledge in China. Objective The aim of current study was to use a population-based sample from the International Tobacco Control China Wave 1 survey to examine variations between current, former and never smokers9 health knowledge about smoking and the impact of health knowledge awareness on smokers9 intention to quit. Methods A face-to-face interview was conducted with 5986 adult smokers and non-smokers from six cities in China. Respondents were asked whether they believed smoking causes heart disease, stroke, impotence, lung cancer, emphysema, stained teeth, premature ageing in smokers and lung cancer in non-smokers. Current smokers were also asked additional questions on how smoking affects their current and future health as well as whether they had plans to quit smoking and if they believe they would have health benefit from quitting. Findings The overall awareness of health risks of smoking in China was low compared to developed countries. Current smokers in China were less likely than non-smokers and former smokers to acknowledge the consequences of smoking. Current smokers who were more aware of the health consequences of smoking were more likely to intend to quit smoking. Conclusion These findings highlight the need to increase awareness about the health effects of smoking in China, particularly among current smokers to increase quitting.

https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/tobaccocontrol/19/Suppl_2/i18.full.pdf

Health knowledge and perception of risks among Chinese smokers and non-smokers: findings from the Wave 1 ITC China Survey

The study proposed that the effect of board diversity on quality of corporate social responsibility (QCSR) disclosure in Pakistan should be patterned differently from existing literature of other nations. The study has focused seven different dimensions of board diversity such as age, gender, nationality, ethnicity, educational level, educational background, and tenure across 86 firms listed in Pakistan Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2017. The results of panel regression supported resource‐based view theory and indicated that gender, nation, and tenure diversity are resources improving QCSR disclosure. However, educational background has a negative impact on QCSR disclosure. Further analysis across alternative measurement and estimation techniques produces robust results. The results revealed that there is no universal law of CSR supportive board diversity, due to the unique characteristic of various institutional contexts. This study suggests policy makers to focus on gender,nation, tenure and relevant educational background diversity while setting board diversity framework in Pakistan.

Does board diversity affect quality of corporate social responsibility disclosure? Evidence from Pakistan

This study aims to compare employee perception of corporate social responsibility
(CSR) practice incomes and outcomes in the construction industry in Poland and
Germany. It proposes a model that examines the influence of stakeholder pressure,
culture, and CSR practices on company brand performance, reputation, and employee
identification. The findings suggest that the structure of relationships varies for
project‐managed construction companies in a developed country such as Germany
and a rapidly transformed Poland. The structural equation modeling method was
adopted to analyze the differences between the structures of relationships using
AMOS and Process software. The key finding reveals that stakeholder pressure can
lead to consistent CSR‐oriented system in the business environment. This study
was first conducted in 2018 and then replicated in 2019 to confirm the results with
1,674 cases. The novelty essence is the comparison of the Polish and German structure
of CSR practice incomes and outcomes related to employee perception.

/pdf/corporate-social-responsibility-practices-incomes-and-2akds9ytxu.pdf

Corporate social responsibility practices incomes and outcomes: Stakeholders' pressure, culture, employee commitment, corporate reputation, and brand performance. A Polish–German cross-country study

The purpose of this study is to explore the perceptions and practices of corporate social responsibility (CSR) among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan. To examine the perceptions and practices of CSR in Pakistan, this study used the data collected through two different sources: a survey instrument (questionnaire) and qualitative interviews. The findings of this study reveal that SMEs’ approach to CSR in Pakistan is unstructured; however, they are practicing CSR activities in an informal manner with mixed (internal as well as external oriented) methods in most cases. However, few SMEs are also practicing CSR activities in formal manners with external oriented dominant methods over internal methods. The findings of this study will assist SMEs, supporting groups, policy makers and researchers to identify the present state of SMEs regarding CSR practices in Pakistan. The findings might provide important guidelines for the other developing economies in the region as well, as the concept is also emerging in these economies. The finding of this study will also help to formulate future CSR policy for SMEs in Pakistan.

Perceptions and practices of corporate social responsibility among SMEs in Pakistan

Corporate social responsibility commitment of small‐to‐medium enterprises and organizational competitive differentiation: Stakeholder pressure, market orientation, and socioeconomic context effects

Anaesthetist 2000;49: I006-17 5 Flum DR, Wallack MK. Cholecystectomy and AIDS. JAm Coil Surg 1997;184:669-70 6 Endres JC, Salky BA. Laparoscopy in AIDS. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am 1998;8:975-90 7 Becker K, Erckenbrecht JF. Spectrum and results of operative interventions in HIV infection patients. Chirurgie 2001;72:389-95 8 Stratmann H, Kaminski M, Lauschke H, Hirner A. Experiences in surgery of proctologic diseases in patients with HIV infection. Chirurgie 1999;70:1475-9 9 Burns J, Pieper B. HIV/AIDS: impact on healing. Ostomy Wound Manag 2000;46:30-40 10 Morandi E, Merlini D, Salvaggio A, Foschi D, Trabucchi E. Prospective study of healing time after hemorrhoidectomy: influence of HIV infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and anal wound infection. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:1140-4 II Smirnov GG, Buliskeriia TN, Khachatrian NN, Volodina VN, Arutiunian EN, Lazutkina LI. Surgical interventions in HIV-infected and patients with AIDS. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2000;7:46-50 12 Davis PA, Corless DJ, Gazzard BG, Wastell e. Increased risk of wound complications and poor healing following laparotomy in HIV-seropositive and AIDS patients. Dig Surg 1999;16:60--7 13 Petrosillo N, Pugliese G, Girardi E, et al. Nosocomial infections in HIV infected patients. AIDS 1999;13:599--{j05 14 Saber AA, Aboolian A, LaRaja RD, Baron H, Hanna K. HIV/AIDS and the risk of deep vein thrombosis: a study of 45 patients with lower extremity involvement. Am Surg 200 1;67:645-7 15 Jalowy A, Flesche CW, Lorenz e. The AIDS patient in anesthesia. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 1997;32:87-97 16 Griffis CA. Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related drug therapy: anesthetic implications. Curl' Rev Nurse Anesthetists 1999;10:107-16 17 Balabaud-Pichon V, Steib A. Anesthesia in the HIV positive or AIDS patient. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 1999;18:509-29 18 SPSS Inc. SPSS for Windows. Release 8.0. Chicago: SPSS, 1997 19 Hwang PH, Tami TA, Lee KC, Raven RB. Attitudes, knowledge, and practices of otolaryngologists treating patients infected with HIV. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;113:733-9 20 Orji EO, Ogunniyi SO. The case against mandatory preoperative HIV screening in Africa. Nigerian J Med 2001;10:162-4 21 Surgeon will pay $10 000 for secretly testing patient for HIV [Editorial]. AIDS Policy Law 1996;11:3 22 Lee L, Yong LS, Tan A. Attitudes and experience of Singapore doctors and dental surgeons regarding acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive patients. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1989;18:19-21 23 Rogowska-Szadkowska D, Borzuchowska A, WiercinskaDrapalo A, Chlabiez S. Prophylaxis after occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Pol Arch Med Wewn 1997;98:431-40 24 Shelley GA, Howard RJ. A national survey of surgeons' attitudes about patients with human immunodeficiency virus infections and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Surg 1992;127:206-12 25 Jorbeck H, Nyberg B, Nystrom B. Preventive measures against blood-borne pathogens during surgery. Double gloves are effective. Lakartidningen 1994;91:2416-17 26 Eriguchi M, Takeda Y, Fujii Y, Shimada K, Kawasaki N. A survey on surgeons' attitudes and practices in the care of HIV-infected patients in Japan. Biomed Pharmacother 1995;49:211-14 27 Adelekan ML, Jolayemi SO, Ndom RJ, et al. Caring for people with AIDS in a Nigerian teaching hospital: staff attitudes and knowledge. AIDS Care 1995;7(suppl 1):S63-72

Knowledge, attitudes and the prevalence of smoking among hospital attendants in a developing country.

This study tests a model of three-dimensional organizational justice (i.e., distributive, procedural, and interactional) and extra-role customer service, with thriving at work as a mediator, based on social exchange theory. We also explore how servant leadership moderates the linkages between these organizational justice dimensions and thriving. Our analysis of data collected from 292 employee-supervisor dyads in the hotel industry affirms that organizational justice dimensions are positively associated with thriving, and thriving is positively related to extra-role customer service. The analysis also corroborates that thriving mediates the associations among distributive, procedural, interactional justice, and extra-role customer service. Moreover, servant leadership strengthens the positive relationships of all three organizational justice dimensions and thriving at work. Building on the analysis results, our study discusses theoretical contributions and practical implications related to the perception of justice in enabling thriving and illustrates how social exchange shapes employee behavior.

How and when organizational justice impact extra-role customer service: A social exchange perspective of thriving at work

Drawing on the self-determination theory and conservation of resources, our research shed light on the linkage between organizational autonomy support and suicide ideation. Specifically, this study...

Jamshed Raza

Papers

Perceptions and practices of corporate social responsibility among SMEs in Pakistan

Corporate social responsibility commitment of small‐to‐medium enterprises and organizational competitive differentiation: Stakeholder pressure, market orientation, and socioeconomic context effects

Knowledge, attitudes and the prevalence of smoking among hospital attendants in a developing country.

How and when organizational justice impact extra-role customer service: A social exchange perspective of thriving at work

Making Sense of Chinese Employees' Suicide Ideation: Does Meaning in Life Matter?