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Jane F. Wallace

Bio: Jane F. Wallace is an academic researcher from Bayer Corporation. The author has contributed to research in topics: Albuminuria & Dipstick. The author has an hindex of 5, co-authored 6 publications receiving 231 citations.

Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A dipstick test plus an optical strip reader that can measure urine protein, albumin, and creatinine and calculate the appropriate ratios provides a better screening test for albuminuria or proteinuria than one measuring only albumin or protein.

149 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: With the simultaneous measurement of creatinine and albumin in urine, the albumin/creatinine ratio can be determined effectively reducing or eliminating the occasional false-negative and false-positive result in those with dilute or concentrated urines, respectively.

28 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A multisite evaluation of a new urine dipstick called Multistix PRO™ (Bayer, Elkhart, IN), which has reagent pads for the simultaneous assay of urinary albumin, protein, and creatinine found that dividing the dipsticks’ albumin or protein results by the creatInine concentration reduced the number of false‐positive album in or protein values observed in concentrated urines, and reduced theNumber of false negatives in dilute urines.
Abstract: The goal of our study was to perform a multisite evaluation of a new urine dipstick called Multistix PROtrade mark (Bayer, Elkhart, IN), which has reagent pads for the simultaneous assay of urinary albumin, protein, and creatinine. Patients' urine specimens were assayed at four sites with these dipsticks and with the familiar Bayer Multistix 10SG dipsticks for protein. The new dipstick pads for albumin are impregnated with bis (3',3"-diiodo-4',4"-dihydroxy-5',5"-dinitrophenyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-sulfonephthalein (DIDNTB) dye. These dipsticks also have a novel pad that estimates urinary creatinine using the peroxidase activity of the copper-creatinine complex. We determined the interlaboratory agreement of these dipsticks by comparing dipstick results to values obtained by quantitative analytical methods. We found that dividing the dipsticks' albumin or protein results by the creatinine concentration reduced the number of false-positive albumin or protein values observed in concentrated urines, and reduced the number of false negatives in dilute urines. The ratio of albumin to creatinine, or protein to creatinine gives a better measure of albumin or protein excretion. Compared to reading by eye, the dipstick results agreed better with the quantitative assays when they were read by a reflectometer (Bayer Clinitek).

26 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Patients with cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, or diabetes showed the greatest predictive value of a positive test for albumin or protein by dipstick, suggesting that albuminuria and/or proteinuria were underdiagnosed in this group of patients.
Abstract: We tested patients’ urines for albumin, protein, and creatinine by quantitative and dipstick methods. The concentrations of these analytes were established by quantitative, cuvet-based chemistry methods that we assumed gave the “correct” values. There was good to excellent agreement of the dipstick results with the quantitative methods for the above three analytes. We found many patients who excreted pathological amounts of albumin and/or protein who did not have a diagnosis of kidney disease or other likely causes of proteinuria, suggesting that albuminuria and/or proteinuria were underdiagnosed in our group of patients. Those with cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, or diabetes showed the greatest predictive value of a positive test for albumin or protein by dipstick. Dipstick testing for albumin, protein, and creatinine had good or excellent agreement with quantitative methods. The dipstick tests were easy to use, simple, and low in cost, and can serve well for point-of-care testing. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:295–300, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

19 citations

Patent
02 Oct 1998
TL;DR: In this article, an improved method for determining the concentration of a first analyte in a fluid test sample as a function of a second analyte also present in the sample whose concentration in the fluid sample is clinically related to that of the analyte was proposed.
Abstract: Disclosed is an improved method for determining the concentration of a first analyte in a fluid test sample as a function of a second analyte also present in the sample whose concentration in the fluid sample is clinically related to that of the first analyte. The method involves determining the concentration of the first analyte, and, if this concentration is outside of its useful analytical range, dividing this concentration by the normal concentration of the second analyte. This method of ratioing the concentrations of the first and second analyte is advantageous because accuracy is increased with fewer false positive and false negative results being reported.

18 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI

900 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Variation in the volume and composition of urine is caused by differences in physical exertion, environmental conditions, as well as water, salt, and high protein intakes, which should always be considered if the generation rate, physical, and chemical composition of feces and urine is to be accurately predicted.
Abstract: The safe disposal of human excreta is of paramount importance for the health and welfare of populations living in low income countries as well as the prevention of pollution to the surrounding environment. On-site sanitation (OSS) systems are the most numerous means of treating excreta in low income countries, these facilities aim at treating human waste at source and can provide a hygienic and affordable method of waste disposal. However, current OSS systems need improvement and require further research and development. Development of OSS facilities that treat excreta at, or close to, its source require knowledge of the waste stream entering the system. Data regarding the generation rate and the chemical and physical composition of fresh feces and urine was collected from the medical literature as well as the treatability sector. The data were summarized and statistical analysis was used to quantify the major factors that were a significant cause of variability. The impact of this data on biological processes, thermal processes, physical separators, and chemical processes was then assessed. Results showed that the median fecal wet mass production was 128 g/cap/day, with a median dry mass of 29 g/cap/day. Fecal output in healthy individuals was 1.20 defecations per 24 hr period and the main factor affecting fecal mass was the fiber intake of the population. Fecal wet mass values were increased by a factor of 2 in low income countries (high fiber intakes) in comparison to values found in high income countries (low fiber intakes). Feces had a median pH of 6.64 and were composed of 74.6% water. Bacterial biomass is the major component (25-54% of dry solids) of the organic fraction of the feces. Undigested carbohydrate, fiber, protein, and fat comprise the remainder and the amounts depend on diet and diarrhea prevalence in the population. The inorganic component of the feces is primarily undigested dietary elements that also depend on dietary supply. Median urine generation rates were 1.42 L/cap/day with a dry solids content of 59 g/cap/day. Variation in the volume and composition of urine is caused by differences in physical exertion, environmental conditions, as well as water, salt, and high protein intakes. Urine has a pH 6.2 and contains the largest fractions of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium released from the body. The urinary excretion of nitrogen was significant (10.98 g/cap/day) with urea the most predominant constituent making up over 50% of total organic solids. The dietary intake of food and fluid is the major cause of variation in both the fecal and urine composition and these variables should always be considered if the generation rate, physical, and chemical composition of feces and urine is to be accurately predicted.

857 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that the most accurate method to quantify biomarkers requires the collection of timed urine specimens to estimate the actual excretion rate, provided that the biomarker is stable over the period of collection.

363 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The protein:creatinine ratio on a random urine specimen provides evidence to "rule out" the presence of significant proteinuria as defined by a 24-h urine excretion measurement.
Abstract: Background: Proteinuria is recognized as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and renal disease and as a predictor of end organ damage. The reference test, a 24-h urine protein estimation, is known to be unreliable. A random urine protein:creatinine ratio has been shown to correlate with a 24-h estimation, but it is not clear whether it can be used to reliably predict the presence of significant proteinuria. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature on measurement of the protein:creatinine ratio on a random urine compared with the respective 24-h protein excretion. Likelihood ratios were used to determine the ability of a random urine protein:creatinine ratio to predict the presence or absence of proteinuria. Results: Data were extracted from 16 studies investigating proteinuria in several settings; patient groups studied were primarily those with preeclampsia or renal disease. Sensitivities and specificities for the tests ranged between 69% and 96% and 41% and 97%, respectively, whereas the positive and negative predictive values ranged between 46% and 95% and 45% and 98%, respectively. The positive likelihood ratios ranged between 1.8 and 16.5, and the negative likelihood ratios between 0.06 and 0.35. The cumulative negative likelihood ratio for 10 studies on proteinuria in preeclampsia was 0.14 (95% confidence interval, 0.09–0.24). Conclusion: The protein:creatinine ratio on a random urine specimen provides evidence to “rule out” the presence of significant proteinuria as defined by a 24-h urine excretion measurement.

323 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper provides guidance on methods for conveying information to the general public, the health care community, regulators and other interested parties regarding how chemical-specific BEs are derived, what they mean in terms of health, and the challenges and questions related to interpretation and communication of biomonitoring data.

157 citations