reoffending than those who completed treatment. The predictors of nonsexual violent recidivism and general (any) recidivism were similar to those predictors found among nonsexual criminals (e.g., prior violent offenses, age, juvenile deliquency). Our results suggest that applied risk assessments of sexual offenders should consider separately the offender's risk for sexual and nonsexual recidivism. Assessing chronicity is crucial for clients whose sexual behaviors have brought them into conflict with the law. Many exceptional criminal justice policies, such as postsentence detention (e.g., Anderson & Masters, 1992), lifetime community supervision, and community notification, target those sexual offenders likely to reoffend. Clinicians need to judge whether the client's behaviors are truly atypical of the individual (as the client would like us to believe) or whether the client merits a virtually permanent label as a sexual offender.

/pdf/predicting-relapse-a-meta-analysis-of-sexual-offender-ml492rgh0h.pdf

Predicting relapse: a meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies.

A meta-analysis of 82 recidivism studies (1,620 findings from 29,450 sexual offenders) identified deviant sexual preferences and antisocial orientation as the major predictors of sexual recidivism for both adult and adolescent sexual offenders. Antisocial orientation was the major predictor of violent recidivism and general (any) recidivism. The review also identified some dynamic risk factors that have the potential of being useful treatment targets (e.g., sexual preoccupations, general self-regulation problems). Many of the variables commonly addressed in sex offender treatment programs (e.g., psychological distress, denial of sex crime, victim empathy, stated motivation for treatment) had little or no relationship with sexual or violent recidivism.

/pdf/the-characteristics-of-persistent-sexual-offenders-a-meta-19hgzia124.pdf

The Characteristics of Persistent Sexual Offenders: A Meta-Analysis of Recidivism Studies.

Self-determination theory posits that the degree to which a prosocial act is volitional or autonomous predicts its effect on well-being and that psychological need satisfaction mediates this relation. Four studies tested the impact of autonomous and controlled motivation for helping others on well-being and explored effects on other outcomes of helping for both helpers and recipients. Study 1 used a diary method to assess daily relations between prosocial behaviors and helper well-being and tested mediating effects of basic psychological need satisfaction. Study 2 examined the effect of choice on motivation and consequences of autonomous versus controlled helping using an experimental design. Study 3 examined the consequences of autonomous versus controlled helping for both helpers and recipients in a dyadic task. Finally, Study 4 manipulated motivation to predict helper and recipient outcomes. Findings support the idea that autonomous motivation for helping yields benefits for both helper and recipient through greater need satisfaction. Limitations and implications are discussed.

When helping helps: autonomous motivation for prosocial behavior and its influence on well-being for the helper and recipient.

The increasing recognition of the large number of people victimized by sexual assault has focused considerable attention on methods for deterring its perpetrators. In particular, law enforcement and mental health professions alike seek ways to prevent sex offenders from repeating their criminal behavior. Some evidence suggests sex offenders often continue offending even after incarceration or clinical treatment. However, recidivism rates for sex offenders are unusually hard to establish, owing to gross underreporting of sex crimes. This article presents a comprehensive review of empirical studies of sex offender recidivism. It brings together data from a wide variety of studies on both treated and untreated sex offenders of all types. Because of the variety and gravity of methodological problems in these studies, guidelines are discussed for sample selection and description, study design, criterion assessment, and data analysis. With these methodological principles in mind, the results of some 42 studies are examined for what they can tell us about sex offender recidivism and efforts to reduce it.

Sex offender recidivism: A review.

To date, analyses of differences between adolescents' and adults' judgment have emphasized age differences in cognitive factors presumed to affect decision making. In contrast, this article examines research and theory on threepsychosocial aspects of maturity of judgment: responsibility, temperance, and perspective. For several psychosocial dimensions of maturity that are likely to affect judgment, the existing pvidence, while indirect and imperfect, indicates that the greatest differences are found in comparisons between early adolescents versus middle and late adolescents. Developmental research on maturity that focuses specifically on mid-and late adolescence, that simultaneously examines both cognitive and noncognitive factors, and that investigates the relation between these factors and the ability to make good decisions is greatly needed.

https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/lhb/20/3/249.pdf

Maturity of judgment in adolescence: Psychosocial factors in adolescent decision making.

For the third time, Law and Contemporary Problems is devoting its attention to the topic of medical malpractice. The first medical malpractice issue of Law and Contemporary Problems explored how paradigms from contract law and private regulation of risk could be better incorporated into existing tort principles to improve the workings of the malpractice system or improve the quality of medical care. The second issue focused on legislative reforms and initiatives that were being actively considered and in some cases implemented by state legislatures or the Congress. This issue reports on the growing influence of outside forces on the malpractice system. Prior to the 1990s, interest in malpractice law was driven almost exclusively by the perception among medical care providers of a “crisis” in malpractice. The crisis mentality resulted in extensive legislative debates relating to a host of reform issues. Throughout the mid-1970s and 1980s, political interest and legislative activity in this area was high. Although the reform mentality has definitely cooled over the past few years, like a dormant volcano, the potential of another eruption remains ever possible should insurance rates or claims spike upwards. This current period of dormancy is due, in large part, to the general availability of malpractice insurance—the fuel for past tort reform efforts supported by physicians—at relatively constant if not decreasing costs. Over this same period, malpractice-specific legislation has also decreased, which may be due to the medical establishment’s resignation that tort reform

/pdf/law-and-contemporary-problems-2kig5jecjc.pdf

Law and contemporary problems

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is necessary for shifting knowledge and empowering community members to establish ownership over research. It was used in this current project to study safety in predominately Black communities. Findings illustrate how the embodiment of power was a present theme and impacted the partnerships among the academics and community, as well as defining "who" could speak on the issues the project was attempting to address. This paper builds upon previous research in CBPR findings to illustrate how community leaders can shape the research, the importance of defining community, and the need to bring to the forefront issues of intersectionality and positionality. In doing so, it attempts to reshape existing CBPR models to better account for the fluid, interactive relationships among the academics, community researchers, and the community leader and expand upon the role of intersectionality in these relationships.

Positionality, intersectionality, power dynamics in community participatory research to define public safety in Black communities.

It was our honor and pleasure to work with Dr. Amy Steigerwalt to present this special issue of Justice System Journal dedicated to empirical research on indigent defense. We are thankful to all the authors who contributed their work for consideration and are indebted to the reviewers who helped to ensure that this issue represents the diversity and quality of a vibrant research field. We are also mindful that this issue emerges amidst an epistemic crisis in which the concept of shared, verifiable knowledge is subject not only to justifiable critique but also to unwarranted attack. Indeed, as is increasingly true across organizations, institutions, and systems, the practice of indigent defense itself is rife with political battles in which research and data are often deployed as weapons. We view this crisis as an opportunity to celebrate science—the co-production of knowledge through iterative application and improvement of research principles and methods, grounded in commitments to transparency regarding the content, implications, and limitations of resulting data. We do so with this compilation of new research on indigent defense. These volumes have been a focus of our work since 2014, when we co-convened the Indigent Defense Research Association (IDRA) to build new connections among researchers in the field. Since then, IDRA’s conferences, monthly webinars, and listserv have provide a unique space for robust discussion and advancement of research on indigent defense. As was the case with prior volumes, the results of these discussions inform a collection of papers that readers are unlikely to find elsewhere. Some pieces are critical of indigent defense systems and the lawyers that work in them. Other work focuses exclusively on perfecting research methods. Some are animated by goals such as policy improvement, exposure of inequity, or liberation from oppression. But a common thread runs across these pieces: the shared desire to understand indigent defense more deeply and to describe it more accurately. We divide the seven studies in this volume into three groups. We begin with two studies that examine the experiences of people receiving indigent defense services. Each raises questions about what people want and need from indigent defense, and how often they are satisfied. We then move on to three further studies of professionals in indigent defense systems – attorneys and judges – which lead us to wonder about how well their work and goals match what service recipients want. And finally, we present two studies that look at indigent defense services at a jurisdictional level, each asking different questions about the benefits and adequacy of the systems under examination.

Janet Moore

Papers

Law and contemporary problems

Positionality, intersectionality, power dynamics in community participatory research to define public safety in Black communities.

Justice for All: A Collection of New Empirical Research on Indigent Defense