https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61728-0.pdf

Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

Experience and Educationis the best concise statement on education ever published by John Dewey, the man acknowledged to be the pre-eminent educational theorist of the twentieth century. Written more than two decades after Democracy and Education(Dewey's most comprehensive statement of his position in educational philosophy), this book demonstrates how Dewey reformulated his ideas as a result of his intervening experience with the progressive schools and in the light of the criticisms his theories had received. Analysing both "traditional" and "progressive" education, Dr. Dewey here insists that neither the old nor the new education is adequate and that each is miseducative because neither of them applies the principles of a carefully developed philosophy of experience. Many pages of this volume illustrate Dr. Dewey's ideas for a philosophy of experience and its relation to education. He particularly urges that all teachers and educators looking for a new movement in education should think in terms of the deeped and larger issues of education rather than in terms of some divisive "ism" about education, even such an "ism" as "progressivism." His philosophy, here expressed in its most essential, most readable form, predicates an American educational system that respects all sources of experience, on that offers a true learning situation that is both historical and social, both orderly and dynamic.

经验与教育 = Experience and education

ContextThe Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert
Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in
Adults (ATP III) highlights the importance of treating patients with the metabolic
syndrome to prevent cardiovascular disease. Limited information is available
about the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States, however.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States
as defined by the ATP III report.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsAnalysis of data on 8814 men and women aged 20 years or older from the
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), a cross-sectional
health survey of a nationally representative sample of the noninstitutionalized
civilian US population.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence of the metabolic syndrome as defined by ATP III (≥3 of
the following abnormalities): waist circumference greater than 102 cm in men
and 88 cm in women; serum triglycerides level of at least 150 mg/dL (1.69
mmol/L); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL
(1.04 mmol/L) in men and 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) in women; blood pressure of
at least 130/85 mm Hg; or serum glucose level of at least 110 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L).ResultsThe unadjusted and age-adjusted prevalences of the metabolic syndrome
were 21.8% and 23.7%, respectively. The prevalence increased from 6.7% among
participants aged 20 through 29 years to 43.5% and 42.0% for participants
aged 60 through 69 years and aged at least 70 years, respectively. Mexican
Americans had the highest age-adjusted prevalence of the metabolic syndrome
(31.9%). The age-adjusted prevalence was similar for men (24.0%) and women
(23.4%). However, among African Americans, women had about a 57% higher prevalence
than men did and among Mexican Americans, women had about a 26% higher prevalence
than men did. Using 2000 census data, about 47 million US residents have the
metabolic syndrome.ConclusionsThese results from a representative sample of US adults show that the
metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent. The large numbers of US residents
with the metabolic syndrome may have important implications for the health
care sector.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/194559/jbr10281.pdf

Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome Among US Adults: Findings From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Purpose:To describe physical activity levels of children (6-11 yr), adolescents (12-19 yr), and adults (20+ yr), using objective data obtained with accelerometers from a representative sample of the U.S. population.Methods:These results were obtained from the 2003-2004 National Health and Nu

Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer.

ContextThe prevalence of obesity and overweight increased in the United States
between 1978 and 1991. More recent reports have suggested continued increases
but are based on self-reported data.ObjectiveTo examine trends and prevalences of overweight (body mass index [BMI]
≥25) and obesity (BMI ≥30), using measured height and weight data.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsSurvey of 4115 adult men and women conducted in 1999 and 2000 as part
of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally
representative sample of the US population.Main Outcome MeasureAge-adjusted prevalence of overweight, obesity, and extreme obesity
compared with prior surveys, and sex-, age-, and race/ethnicity–specific
estimates.ResultsThe age-adjusted prevalence of obesity was 30.5% in 1999-2000 compared
with 22.9% in NHANES III (1988-1994; P<.001).
The prevalence of overweight also increased during this period from 55.9%
to 64.5% (P<.001). Extreme obesity (BMI ≥40)
also increased significantly in the population, from 2.9% to 4.7% (P = .002). Although not all changes were statistically significant,
increases occurred for both men and women in all age groups and for non-Hispanic
whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. Racial/ethnic groups did
not differ significantly in the prevalence of obesity or overweight for men.
Among women, obesity and overweight prevalences were highest among non-Hispanic
black women. More than half of non-Hispanic black women aged 40 years or older
were obese and more than 80% were overweight.ConclusionsThe increases in the prevalences of obesity and overweight previously
observed continued in 1999-2000. The potential health benefits from reduction
in overweight and obesity are of considerable public health importance.

/pdf/prevalence-and-trends-in-obesity-among-us-adults-1999-2000-51r0dvd9yl.pdf

Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2000

ContextRecent reports show that obesity and diabetes have increased in the
United States in the past decade.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and use of weight control
strategies among US adults in 2000.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThe Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a random-digit telephone
survey conducted in all states in 2000, with 184 450 adults aged 18 years
or older.Main Outcome MeasuresBody mass index (BMI), calculated from self-reported weight and height;
self-reported diabetes; prevalence of weight loss or maintenance attempts;
and weight control strategies used.ResultsIn 2000, the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) was
19.8%, the prevalence of diabetes was 7.3%, and the prevalence of both combined
was 2.9%. Mississippi had the highest rates of obesity (24.3%) and of diabetes
(8.8%); Colorado had the lowest rate of obesity (13.8%); and Alaska had the
lowest rate of diabetes (4.4%). Twenty-seven percent of US adults did not
engage in any physical activity, and another 28.2% were not regularly active.
Only 24.4% of US adults consumed fruits and vegetables 5 or more times daily.
Among obese participants who had had a routine checkup during the past year,
42.8% had been advised by a health care professional to lose weight. Among
participants trying to lose or maintain weight, 17.5% were following recommendations
to eat fewer calories and increase physical activity to more than 150 min/wk.ConclusionsThe prevalence of obesity and diabetes continues to increase among US
adults. Interventions are needed to improve physical activity and diet in
communities nationwide.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/194179/JOC10856.pdf

The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States.

ContextThe increasing prevalence of obesity is a major public health concern,
since obesity is associated with several chronic diseases.ObjectiveTo monitor trends in state-specific data and to examine changes in the
prevalence of obesity among adults.DesignCross-sectional random-digit telephone survey (Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System) of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years or older
conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and state health
departments from 1991 to 1998.SettingStates that participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System.Main Outcome MeasuresBody mass index calculated from self-reported weight and height.ResultsThe prevalence of obesity (defined as a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) increased from 12.0% in 1991 to 17.9% in 1998. A steady increase
was observed in all states; in both sexes; across age groups, races, educational
levels; and occurred regardless of smoking status. The greatest magnitude
of increase was found in the following groups: 18- to 29-year-olds (7.1% to
12.1%), those with some college education (10.6% to 17.8%), and those of Hispanic
ethnicity (11.6% to 20.8%). The magnitude of the increased prevalence varied
by region (ranging from 31.9% for mid Atlantic to 67.2% for South Atlantic,
the area with the greatest increases) and by state (ranging from 11.3% for
Delaware to 101.8% for Georgia, the state with the greatest increases).ConclusionsObesity continues to increase rapidly in the United States. To alter
this trend, strategies and programs for weight maintenance as well as weight
reduction must become a higher public health priority.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/192036/joc91119.pdf

The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(09)60332-9.pdf

Towards a common definition of global health

Women and smoking: a report of the Surgeon General.

ContextElderly patients may have limited ability to read and
comprehend medical information pertinent to their health.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of low functional health
literacy among community-dwelling Medicare enrollees in a national
managed care organization.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingFour Prudential HealthCare plans (Cleveland, Ohio;
Houston, Tex; south Florida; Tampa, Fla).ParticipantsA total of 3260 new Medicare enrollees aged 65 years
or older were interviewed in person between June and December 1997 (853
in Cleveland, 498 in Houston, 975 in south Florida, 934 in Tampa); 2956
spoke English and 304 spoke Spanish as their native language.Main Outcome MeasureFunctional health literacy as measured by the
Short Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults.ResultsOverall, 33.9% of English-speaking and 53.9% of
Spanish-speaking respondents had inadequate or marginal health
literacy. The prevalence of inadequate or marginal functional health
literacy among English speakers ranged from 26.8% to 44.0%. In
multivariate analysis, study location, race/language, age, years of
school completed, occupation, and cognitive impairment were
significantly associated with inadequate or marginal literacy. Reading
ability declined dramatically with age, even after adjusting for years
of school completed and cognitive impairment. The adjusted odds ratio
for having inadequate or marginal health literacy was 8.62 (95%
confidence interval, 5.55-13.38) for enrollees aged 85 years or older
compared with individuals aged 65 to 69 years.ConclusionsElderly managed care enrollees may not have the
literacy skills necessary to function adequately in the health care
environment. Low health literacy may impair elderly patients'
understanding of health messages and limit their ability to care for
their medical problems.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/188764/joc81424.pdf

Jeffrey P. Koplan

Papers

The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States.

The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998.

Towards a common definition of global health

Women and smoking: a report of the Surgeon General.

Health Literacy Among Medicare Enrollees in a Managed Care Organization