Jeffrey R. McCutcheon

TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of both concentrative and dilutive internal concentration polarization on permeate water flux through a commercially available forward osmosis membrane was investigated and a flux model that accounts for the presence of both internal and external concentration polarization for the two possible membrane orientations involving the feed and draw solutions was presented.

TL;DR: In this paper, a forward (direct) osmosis (FO) desalination process is presented, which uses an ammonium bicarbonate draw solution to extract water from a saline feed water across a semi-permeable polymeric membrane.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a commercially available forward direct osmosis (FO) membrane and found that the experimental water fluxes were far lower than those anticipated based on available bulk osmotic pressure difference and membrane pure water permeability data.

TL;DR: In this paper, the mechanisms governing internal concentration polarization (ICP) were studied using well-controlled forward osmosis experiments and the relationship between osmotic pressure and water flux was observed across a range of solute concentrations and molecular weights.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate that support layer hydrophilicity or wetting plays a crucial role in water flux across asymmetric semi-permeable membranes, and the importance of considering membrane support layer chemistry in further development of membranes tailored specifically for osmotically driven membrane processes is discussed.