Chapter 1 The Biosphere Chapter 2 The Anthroposphere Introduction Air Pollution Water Pollution Soil Plants Chapter 3 Soils and Soil Processes Introduction Weathering Processes Pedogenic Processes Chapter 4 Soil Constituents Introduction Trace Elements Minerals Organic Matter Organisms in Soils Chapter 5 Trace Elements in Plants Introduction Absorption Translocation Availability Essentiality and Deficiency Toxicity and Tolerance Speciation Interaction Chapter 6 Elements of Group 1 (Previously Group Ia) Introduction Lithium Rubidium Cesium Chapter 7 Elements of Group 2 (Previously Group IIa) Beryllium Strontium Barium Radium Chapter 8 Elements of Group 3 (Previously Group IIIb) Scandium Yttrium Lanthanides Actinides Chapter 9 Elements of Group 4 (Previously Group IVb) Titanium Zirconium Hafnium Chapter 10 Elements of Group 5 (Previously Group Vb) Vanadium Niobium Tantalum Chapter 11 Elements of Group 6 (Previously Group VIb) Chromium Molybdenum Tungsten Chapter 12 Elements of Group 7 (Previously Group VIIb) Manganese Technetium Rhenium Chapter 13 Elements of Group 8 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Iron Ruthenium Osmium Chapter 14 Elements of Group 9 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Cobalt Rhodium Iridium Chapter 15 Elements of Group 10 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Nickel Palladium Platinum Chapter 16 Elements of Group 11 (Previously Group Ib) Copper Silver Gold Chapter 17 Trace Elements of Group 12 (Previously of Group IIb) Zinc Cadmium Mercury Chapter 18 Elements of Group 13 (Previously Group IIIa) Boron Aluminum Gallium Indium Thallium Chapter 19 Elements of Group I4 (Previously Group IVa) Silicon Germanium Tin Lead Chapter 20 Elements of Group 15 (Previously Group Va) Arsenic Antimony Bismuth Chapter 21 Elements of Group 16 (Previously Group VIa) Selenium Tellurium Polonium Chapter 22 Elements of Group 17 (Previously Group VIIa) Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

Trace elements in soils and plants

XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

http://netedu.xauat.edu.cn/jpkc/netedu/jpkc2009/szylyybh/content/wlzy/1/Review%20of%20Arsenic%20in%20natural%20water%20-%20Smedly.pdf

A review of the source, behaviour and distribution of arsenic in natural waters

The chemical composition of natural water is derived from many different sources of solutes, including gases and aerosols from the atmosphere, weathering and erosion of rocks and soil, solution or precipitation reactions occurring below the land surface, and cultural effects resulting from human activities. Broad interrelationships among these processes and their effects can be discerned by application of principles of chemical thermodynamics. Some of the processes of solution or precipitation of minerals can be closely evaluated by means of principles of chemical equilibrium, including the law of mass action and the Nernst equation. Other processes are irreversible and require consideration of reaction mechanisms and rates. The chemical composition of the crustal rocks of the Earth and the composition of the ocean and the atmosphere are significant in evaluating sources of solutes in natural freshwater. The ways in which solutes are taken up or precipitated and the amounts present in solution are influenced by many environmental factors, especially climate, structure and position of rock strata, and biochemical effects associated with life cycles of plants and animals, both microscopic and macroscopic. Taken together and in application with the further influence of the general circulation of all water in the hydrologic cycle, the chemical principles and environmental factors form a basis for the developing science of natural-water chemistry. Fundamental data used in the determination of water quality are obtained by the chemical analysis of water samples in the laboratory or onsite sensing of chemical properties in the field. Sampling is complicated by changes in the composition of moving water and by the effects of particulate suspended material. Some constituents are unstable and require onsite determination or sample preservation. Most of the constituents determined are reported in gravimetric units, usually milligrams per liter or milliequivalents

Study and Interpretation of the Chemical Characteristics of Natural Water

Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals

Calculated loading rates of trace metals into the three environmental compartments demonstrate that human activities now have major impacts on the global and regional cycles of most of the trace elements. There is significant contamination of freshwater resources and an accelerating accumulation of toxic metals in the human food chain.

Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals

A PROPER inventory of atmospheric emissions from natural sources is basic to our understanding of the atmospheric cycle of the trace metals (and metalloids), and is also needed for assessing the extent of regional and global pollution by toxic metals1. It is generally presumed that the principal natural sources of trace metals in the atmosphere are wind-borne soil particles, volcanoes, seasalt spray and wild forest fires2–6. Recent studies have shown, however, that particulate organic matter is the dominant component of atmospheric aerosols in non-urban areas7–10 and that over 60% of the airborne trace metals in forested regions can be attributed to aerosols of biogenic origin11,12. Here I estimate that biogenic sources can account for 30–50% of the global baseline emissions of trace metals. For most of the toxic metals, the natural fluxes are small compared with emissions from industrial activities, implying that mankind has become the key agent in the global atmospheric cycle of trace metals and metalloids.

A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals

Pollution caused by heavy metals can be traced back to the Roman Empire. In his Perspective, Nriagu considers the historical record of metal pollution and discusses results published in the same issue by Hong et al. (p. 246) in which ice core records were used to determine the quantity of copper emitted into the atmosphere by ancient smelters.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/272/5259/223.full.pdf

A History of Global Metal Pollution

FEW (if any) recent studies on the atmospheric cycle of trace metals have considered the flux of the metals into the atmosphere on a global scale. Information on worldwide emissions is needed to assess the transboundary movement of pollutant metals and to validate models of the global atmospheric circulation patterns. The worldwide inventories of the natural and anthropogenic sources and emissions of airborne cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc are presented here. The data summarised here are taken from very detailed studies published elsehwere1–5.

Global inventory of natural and anthropogenic emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere.

Historical Perspectives (J Nriagu) Biological Chemistry of Chromium (E Nieboer & A Jusys) Production and Uses of Chromium (J Nriagu) Atmospheric Emissions of Chromium from Natural and Anthropogenic Sources (J Pacyna & J Nriagu) Distribution and Characteristic Features of Chromium in the Atmosphere (J Nriagu, et al) Geochemistry of Chromium in the Oceans (L Mayer) Occurrence and Distribution of Chromium in Natural Waters of India (B Handa) Chromium Contamination of Groundwater (L Calder) Chromium Removal from Industrial Wastewaters (S Beszedits) Mobility and Bioavailability of Chromium in Soils (R Bartlett & B James) Chromium Toxicity to Algae and Bacteria (P Wong & J Trevors) The Significance of the Interactions of Chromium and Bacteria in Aquatic Habitats (M Loutit, et al) Chromium Toxicity: Effects of Microogranisms with Special Reference to the Soil Matrix (R Coleman) Genetic Approaches in the Study of Chromium Toxicity and Resistance in Yeast and Bacteria (B--I Ono) The Toxicity of Chromium to Fish (D Holdway) Mutagenic and Other Genotoxic Effects of Chromium Compounds (E Nieboer & S Shaw) Carcinogenicity of Chromium Compounds (A Yassi & E Nieboer) Chromium Hypersensitivity (A Haines & E Nieboer) Other Health Effects of Chromium Compounds (E Nieboer & A Yassi) Index

Jerome O. Nriagu

Papers

Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals

A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals

A History of Global Metal Pollution

Global inventory of natural and anthropogenic emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere.

Chromium in the natural and human environments