Jerome S. Schultz

Bio: Jerome S. Schultz is an academic researcher from University of California, Riverside. The author has contributed to research in topics: Biosensor & Membrane. The author has an hindex of 36, co-authored 120 publications receiving 4535 citations. Previous affiliations of Jerome S. Schultz include American Cyanamid & Radboud University Nijmegen.

Optical sensor of plasma constituents

Abstract: A system for monitoring low molecular weight compounds in blood plasma in the body by optical means includes a chamber which can be inserted into the blood stream and which contains specific receptor sites for the plasma constituent to be analyzed. The chamber interior is isolated from the blood by a dialysis membrane which permits the plasma constituents to diffuse into the chamber. A competing ligand for the receptor sites is placed within the chamber, but due to its relatively large molecular size the competing ligand cannot escape through the dialysis membrane into the bloodstream. Light emitted or absorbed by the competing ligand gives a measure of the concentration of the selected low molecular weight compounds in the blood.

Affinity sensor: A new technique for developing implantable sensors for glucose and other metabolites

Abstract: We describe affinity sensors for monitoring various metabolites in blood plasma by optical means. The principle of detection is similar to that used in radioimmunoassays and is based on the competitive binding of a particular metabolite and a fluorescein-labeled analogue with receptor sites specific for the metabolite and the labeled ligand. This concept has been directed toward the development of an affinity sensor for glucose. Concanavalin A, a protein with specific binding character for glucose, was immobilized on the inside surface of a hollow dialysis fiber. Fluorescein-labeled dextran was selected as the competitive labeled ligand. The molecular weight cutoff of the dialysis fiber is low enough to completely retain the 70,000 MW dextran within the fiber lumen while glucose can freely pass through the dialysis membrane. The sensor is completed by inserting a single optical fiber in the lumen of the dialysis fiber, thus allowing measurement of the unbound FITC-dextran. Preliminary tests of the sensor indicated the feasibility of the approach. Sensitivity to glucose in the physiologic range was obtained, but further work will be required to optimize the sensitivity and response time of the sensor.

A Fluorescence Affinity Hollow Fiber Sensor for Continuous Transdermal Glucose Monitoring

Abstract: A novel concept of a fluorescence affinity hollow fiber sensor for transdermal glucose monitoring is demonstrated. The glucose-sensing principle is based on the competitive reversible binding of a mobile fluorophore-labeled Concanavalin A (Con A) to immobile pendant glucose moites inside of intensely colored Sephadex beads. The highly porous beads (molecular weight cutoff of 200 kDa) were colored with two red dyes, Safranin O and Pararosanilin, selected to block the excitation and spectrum of the fluorophore Alexa488. The sensor consists of the dyed beads and Alexa488-Con A confined inside a sealed, small segment of a hollow fiber dialysis membrane (diameter 0.5 mm, length 0.5 cm, molecular weight cutoff 10 kDa). In the absence of glucose, the majority of Alexa488-Con A resides inside the colored beads bound to fixed glucose. Thus, excitation light at 490 nm impinging on the sensor is strongly absorbed by the dyes, resulting in a drastically reduced fluorescence emission at 520 nm from the Alexa488-Con A ...

A Miniature Optical Glucose Sensor Based on Affinity Binding

Abstract: A new concept for biosensors is introduced based on competitive displacement of an analyte and fluorescently-labeled counter-ligand for immobilized receptor sites. A small, optical, glucose sensor has been developed. The sensing element consists of a short length of hollow dialysis fiber remotely connected to a fluorimetry instrument via a single optical fiber. This sensing element contains a carbohydrate receptor, Concanavalin A, immobilized on its inner surface and a high molecular weight fluorescein labeled dextran as a competing ligand. Glucose in the external medium diffuses through the dialysis fiber into the sensing element and competes with dextran for binding to Con A. At equilibrium, the level of free fluorescein in the hollow fiber lumen is measured via the optical fiber and is correlated to the concentration of glucose. Preliminary results for glucose measurement in phosphate buffer and in blood are presented. Response is linear from 50 to 400 mg% glucose and response time is 5–7 minutes.

Hindered diffusion in microporous membranes with known pore geometry.

Abstract: The hindrance effect on the aqueous diffusion rate of solutes within membrane pores of molecular size has been accurately determined. Mica membranes, 3 to 5 micrometers thick, were prepared with uniform, straight pores from 90 to 600 angstroms in diameter. With these membranes a direct estimation was possible of the interaction between pore size and molecular diffusion rates. There were no uncertainties due to wide pore size distributions or nonuniform tortuous channels as in previously used model microporous materials such as dialysis tubing or gels. Aqueous diffusion rates through these mica membranes were measured for a series of compounds with molecular diameters from 5.2 to 43 angstroms and were corrected for "liquid film resistances" adjacent to the membrane-solution interface to obtain estimates of molecular diffusivities within the micropores of the membrane. Definite evidence is presented showing that, even when molecular size is a small fraction of pore size, diffusion rates decrease markedly. The apparent reduction in solute diffusivity in the microporous membrane can be quantitatively estimated by means of the Renkin equation for hindered diffusion.

Design, fabrication and control of soft robots

Abstract: Conventionally, engineers have employed rigid materials to fabricate precise, predictable robotic systems, which are easily modelled as rigid members connected at discrete joints. Natural systems, however, often match or exceed the performance of robotic systems with deformable bodies. Cephalopods, for example, achieve amazing feats of manipulation and locomotion without a skeleton; even vertebrates such as humans achieve dynamic gaits by storing elastic energy in their compliant bones and soft tissues. Inspired by nature, engineers have begun to explore the design and control of soft-bodied robots composed of compliant materials. This Review discusses recent developments in the emerging field of soft robotics.

Membrane Technology and Applications

Abstract: Overview of membrane science and technology membrane transport theory membrane and modules concentration polarization reverse osmosis ultrafiltration microfiltration gas separation pervaporation ion exchange membrane processes - electrodialysis carrier facilitated transport medical applications of membranes other membranes processed.

Interparticle Coupling Effect on the Surface Plasmon Resonance of Gold Nanoparticles: From Theory to Applications

Abstract: 12.2.2. Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) 4849 12.2.3. Dye Aggregation 4850 12.2.4. Optoelectronic Nanodevices 4850 12.3. Sensor 4851 12.3.1. Chemical Sensor 4851 12.3.2. Biological Sensor 4851 12.4. Catalysis 4852 13. Conclusion and Perspectives 4852 14. Abbreviations 4853 15. Acknowledgements 4854 16. References 4854 * Corresponding author E-mail: tpal@chem.iitkgp.ernet.in. † Raidighi College. § Indian Institute of Technology. 4797 Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 4797−4862

The Biomedical Engineering Handbook

Abstract: Physiological systems bioelectric phenomena biomechanics biomaterials biosensors biomedical signal analysis imaging medical instruments and devices biological effects of non-ionizing biotechnology tissue engineering human performance engineering physiological modelling, simulation and control clinical engineering and artificial intelligence. (Part contents).

Analyte Monitoring Device And Methods Of Use

Abstract: An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.