Matrix Factorization Techniques for Recommender Systems

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Methods of Numerical Integration

Point-of-Interest (POI) recommendation has become an important means to help people discover attractive locations However, extreme sparsity of user-POI matrices creates a severe challenge To cope with this challenge, viewing mobility records on location-based social networks (LBSNs) as implicit feedback for POI recommendation, we first propose to exploit weighted matrix factorization for this task since it usually serves collaborative filtering with implicit feedback better Besides, researchers have recently discovered a spatial clustering phenomenon in human mobility behavior on the LBSNs, ie, individual visiting locations tend to cluster together, and also demonstrated its effectiveness in POI recommendation, thus we incorporate it into the factorization model Particularly, we augment users' and POIs' latent factors in the factorization model with activity area vectors of users and influence area vectors of POIs, respectively Based on such an augmented model, we not only capture the spatial clustering phenomenon in terms of two-dimensional kernel density estimation, but we also explain why the introduction of such a phenomenon into matrix factorization helps to deal with the challenge from matrix sparsity We then evaluate the proposed algorithm on a large-scale LBSN dataset The results indicate that weighted matrix factorization is superior to other forms of factorization models and that incorporating the spatial clustering phenomenon into matrix factorization improves recommendation performance

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GeoMF: joint geographical modeling and matrix factorization for point-of-interest recommendation

Recent advances in localization techniques have fundamentally enhanced social networking services, allowing users to share their locations and location-related contents, such as geo-tagged photos and notes. We refer to these social networks as location-based social networks (LBSNs). Location data bridges the gap between the physical and digital worlds and enables a deeper understanding of users' preferences and behavior. This addition of vast geo-spatial datasets has stimulated research into novel recommender systems that seek to facilitate users' travels and social interactions. In this paper, we offer a systematic review of this research, summarizing the contributions of individual efforts and exploring their relations. We discuss the new properties and challenges that location brings to recommender systems for LBSNs. We present a comprehensive survey analyzing 1) the data source used, 2) the methodology employed to generate a recommendation, and 3) the objective of the recommendation. We propose three taxonomies that partition the recommender systems according to the properties listed above. First, we categorize the recommender systems by the objective of the recommendation, which can include locations, users, activities, or social media. Second, we categorize the recommender systems by the methodologies employed, including content-based, link analysis-based, and collaborative filtering-based methodologies. Third, we categorize the systems by the data sources used, including user profiles, user online histories, and user location histories. For each category, we summarize the goals and contributions of each system and highlight the representative research effort. Further, we provide comparative analysis of the recommender systems within each category. Finally, we discuss the available data-sets and the popular methods used to evaluate the performance of recommender systems. Finally, we point out promising research topics for future work. This article presents a panorama of the recommender systems in location-based social networks with a balanced depth, facilitating research into this important research theme.

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Recommendations in location-based social networks: a survey

Social media is a powerful source of communication among people to share their sentiments in the form of opinions and views about any topic or article, which results in an enormous amount of unstructured information. Business organizations need to process and study these sentiments to investigate data and to gain business insights. Hence, to analyze these sentiments, various machine learning, and natural language processing-based approaches have been used in the past. However, deep learning-based methods are becoming very popular due to their high performance in recent times. This paper provides a detailed survey of popular deep learning models that are increasingly applied in sentiment analysis. We present a taxonomy of sentiment analysis and discuss the implications of popular deep learning architectures. The key contributions of various researchers are highlighted with the prime focus on deep learning approaches. The crucial sentiment analysis tasks are presented, and multiple languages are identified on which sentiment analysis is done. The survey also summarizes the popular datasets, key features of the datasets, deep learning model applied on them, accuracy obtained from them, and the comparison of various deep learning models. The primary purpose of this survey is to highlight the power of deep learning architectures for solving sentiment analysis problems.

Sentiment analysis using deep learning architectures: a review

Recommending users with their preferred points-of-interest (POIs), e.g., museums and restaurants, has become an important feature for location-based social networks (LBSNs), which benefits people to explore new places and businesses to discover potential customers. However, because users only check in a few POIs in an LBSN, the user-POI check-in interaction is highly sparse, which renders a big challenge for POI recommendations. To tackle this challenge, in this study we propose a new POI recommendation approach called GeoSoCa through exploiting geographical correlations, social correlations and categorical correlations among users and POIs. The geographical, social and categorical correlations can be learned from the historical check-in data of users on POIs and utilized to predict the relevance score of a user to an unvisited POI so as to make recommendations for users. First, in GeoSoCa we propose a kernel estimation method with an adaptive bandwidth to determine a personalized check-in distribution of POIs for each user that naturally models the geographical correlations between POIs. Then, GeoSoCa aggregates the check-in frequency or rating of a user's friends on a POI and models the social check-in frequency or rating as a power-law distribution to employ the social correlations between users. Further, GeoSoCa applies the bias of a user on a POI category to weigh the popularity of a POI in the corresponding category and models the weighed popularity as a power-law distribution to leverage the categorical correlations between POIs. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive performance evaluation for GeoSoCa using two large-scale real-world check-in data sets collected from Foursquare and Yelp. Experimental results show that GeoSoCa achieves significantly superior recommendation quality compared to other state-of-the-art POI recommendation techniques.

GeoSoCa: Exploiting Geographical, Social and Categorical Correlations for Point-of-Interest Recommendations

With the rapidly growing location-based social networks (LBSNs), personalized geo-social recommendation becomes an important feature for LBSNs Personalized geo-social recommendation not only helps users explore new places but also makes LBSNs more prevalent to users In LBSNs, aside from user preference and social influence, geographical influence has also been intensively exploited in the process of location recommendation based on the fact that geographical proximity significantly affects users' check-in behaviors Although geographical influence on users should be personalized, current studies only model the geographical influence on all users' check-in behaviors in a universal way In this paper, we propose a new framework called iGSLR to exploit personalized social and geographical influence on location recommendation iGSLR uses a kernel density estimation approach to personalize the geographical influence on users' check-in behaviors as individual distributions rather than a universal distribution for all users Furthermore, user preference, social influence, and personalized geographical influence are integrated into a unified geo-social recommendation framework We conduct a comprehensive performance evaluation for iGSLR using two large-scale real data sets collected from Foursquare and Gowalla which are two of the most popular LBSNs Experimental results show that iGSLR provides significantly superior location recommendation compared to other state-of-the-art geo-social recommendation techniques

iGSLR: personalized geo-social location recommendation: a kernel density estimation approach

Providing location recommendations becomes an important feature for location-based social networks (LBSNs), since it helps users explore new places and makes LBSNs more prevalent to users. In LBSNs, geographical influence and social influence have been intensively used in location recommendations based on the facts that geographical proximity of locations significantly affects users' check-in behaviors and social friends often have common interests. Although human movement exhibits sequential patterns, most current studies on location recommendations do not consider any sequential influence of locations on users' check-in behaviors. In this paper, we propose a new approach called LORE to exploit sequential influence on location recommendations. First, LORE incrementally mines sequential patterns from location sequences and represents the sequential patterns as a dynamic Location-Location Transition Graph (L2TG). LORE then predicts the probability of a user visiting a location by Additive Markov Chain (AMC) with L2TG. Finally, LORE fuses sequential influence with geographical influence and social influence into a unified recommendation framework; in particular the geographical influence is modeled as two-dimensional check-in probability distributions rather than one-dimensional distance probability distributions in existing works. We conduct a comprehensive performance evaluation for LORE using two large-scale real data sets collected from Foursquare and Gowalla. Experimental results show that LORE achieves significantly superior location recommendations compared to other state-of-the-art recommendation techniques.

LORE: exploiting sequential influence for location recommendations

Geographical influence has been intensively exploited for location recommendations in location-based social networks (LBSNs) due to the fact that geographical proximity significantly affects users’ check-in behaviors. However, current studies only model the geographical influence on all users’ check-in behaviors as a universal way. We argue that the geographical influence on users’ check-in behaviors should be personalized . In this paper, we propose a personalized and efficient geographical location recommendation framework called iGeoRec to take full advantage of the geographical influence on location recommendations. In iGeoRec, there are mainly two challenges: (1) personalizing the geographical influence to accurately predict the probability of a user visiting a new location, and (2) efficiently computing the probability of each user to all new locations. To address these two challenges, (1) we propose a probabilistic approach to personalize the geographical influence as a personal distribution for each user and predict the probability of a user visiting any new location using her personal distribution. Furthermore, (2) we develop an efficient approximation method to compute the probability of any user to all new locations; the proposed method reduces the computational complexity of the exact computation method from $O(|L|n^3)$ to $O(|L|n)$ (where $|L|$ is the total number of locations in an LBSN and $n$ is the number of check-in locations of a user). Finally, we conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the recommendation accuracy and efficiency of iGeoRec using two large-scale real data sets collected from the two of the most popular LBSNs: Foursquare and Gowalla. Experimental results show that iGeoRec provides significantly superior performance compared to other state-of-the-art geographical recommendation techniques.

Jia-Dong Zhang

Papers

GeoSoCa: Exploiting Geographical, Social and Categorical Correlations for Point-of-Interest Recommendations

iGSLR: personalized geo-social location recommendation: a kernel density estimation approach

LORE: exploiting sequential influence for location recommendations

iGeoRec: A Personalized and Efficient Geographical Location Recommendation Framework

CoRe: Exploiting the personalized influence of two-dimensional geographic coordinates for location recommendations