I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Object-based cloud and cloud shadow detection in Landsat imagery

This document provides updates to IEEE Std 802.16's MIB for the MAC, PHY and asso- ciated management procedures in order to accommodate recent extensions to the standard.

IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems Draft Amendment: Management Information Base Extensions

The objective of this study was to develop anatomically correct whole body human models of an adult male (34 years old), an adult female (26 years old) and two children (an 11-year-old girl and a six-year-old boy) for the optimized evaluation of electromagnetic exposure. These four models are referred to as the Virtual Family. They are based on high resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images of healthy volunteers. More than 80 different tissue types were distinguished during the segmentation. To improve the accuracy and the effectiveness of the segmentation, a novel semi-automated tool was used to analyze and segment the data. All tissues and organs were reconstructed as three-dimensional (3D) unstructured triangulated surface objects, yielding high precision images of individual features of the body. This greatly enhances the meshing flexibility and the accuracy with respect to thin tissue layers and small organs in comparison with the traditional voxel-based representation of anatomical models. Conformal computational techniques were also applied. The techniques and tools developed in this study can be used to more effectively develop future models and further improve the accuracy of the models for various applications. For research purposes, the four models are provided for free to the scientific community.

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The Virtual Family—development of surface-based anatomical models of two adults and two children for dosimetric simulations

Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility

The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of an ultra wideband (UWB) impulse radio system for in-body to off-body wireless communication for biomedical applications. At first, a UWB antenna is designed in the UWB low band for implant use in the chest. Then the channel model is extracted and established based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation with an anatomical human body model. The established channel model consists of a small set of parameters for generating discrete time impulse responses. The generated model shows good agreement with the FDTD-calculated result in terms of key communication metrics. For effective communication over the multipath-affected channel, the pulse position modulation is employed and a 2-finger RAKE structure with a constant temporal delay is proposed in the receiver. The bit error rate performance has shown the validity of the system in the in-body to off-body chest channel.

Transmission Performance of an In-Body to Off-Body UWB Communication Link

A Noninvasive Method for Dielectric Property Measurement of Biological Tissues

In order to guard continuously patients with a cardiac pacemaker from radio waves emitted by the portable information terminal, an effective way is to shield the human body electromagnetically with a shielding material. There remain many unknown points regarding the effectiveness of wearing the shielding material. The authors have proposed a model for estimating the electromagnetic interference (EMI) with the pacemaker as a receiving antenna. This paper applies the model to the qualitative evaluation of the EMI reduction produced by wearing the shielding material. The result of the proposed evaluation method is compared to the result of the conventional evaluation method, which is based on the reduction of the electromagnetic field in the torso not containing a pacemaker. It is found that, although the conventional method does not reflect exactly the true EMI reduction for the pacemaker, it is useful as a preliminary evaluation of the EMI level for the pacemaker. The elliptic cylinder torso model, composed of three layers of skin, fat, and muscle, is considered, and the reductions of the EMI level by the conductive and the magnetic sheets for the pacemaker are evaluated by the proposed method. The following results are obtained. When the antenna is placed at a distance of 1 cm from the torso, the EMI reduction effect of the magnetic material is equivalent to placing the antenna at 7 cm, and that of the conductive sheet is equivalent to placing the antenna at more than 20 cm. The latter result indicates that, even if the antenna approaches within 1 cm of the torso, the equivalent distance satisfying essentially the guideline (22 cm) of the Japanese Pacemaker Association is realized, if the conductive sheet is worn on the torso. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(1): 48–53, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10023

Effectiveness evaluation of shielding material in reducing electromagnetic interference of cardiac pacemaker induced by portable information terminals

This paper presents maximum temperature increase in the head and brain with peak SAR calculated by different averaging schemes. For our computational investigations, it is found that maximum temperature increases in the head are well correlated with peak spatial-average SARs. However, the slope correlating them is largely dependent on the averaging scheme. Additionally, no clear difference is observed in the slope obtained using two head models. Possible maximum temperature increase in the brain for the SAR values is also quantified.

Maximum temperature increases in the head and brain for SAR averaging schemes prescribed in safety guidelines

In view of actual electromagnetic environment of multiple-frequency exposure, we have developed a whole-body exposure system for a multigeneration bio-effect test with rats at frequencies between 800 MHz and 5.2 GHz. We first experimentally evaluated the system performances such as antenna performance, electric field distribution, and specific absorption rate (SAR) in the exposure system. Then, after an experimental validation of the finite-difference time-domain modeling of the exposure system, we employed it to make a statistical SAR analysis for anatomical rat models. We first took documentary photographs of rat activity inside the exposure system every 5 min in real time. Then, by identifying the rat positions in each photograph, we derived the frequency of rats staying in various positions in the exposure system. Using the stay frequency as a weighting factor, we derived the whole-body average SAR statistical characteristics for the multiple-frequency exposure system during the entire multigeneration experimental period. The developed system and demonstrated approach provide a high-quality means for biological effect test of radio frequency exposure in wide frequency bands.

Jianqing Wang

Papers

Transmission Performance of an In-Body to Off-Body UWB Communication Link

A Noninvasive Method for Dielectric Property Measurement of Biological Tissues

Effectiveness evaluation of shielding material in reducing electromagnetic interference of cardiac pacemaker induced by portable information terminals

Maximum temperature increases in the head and brain for SAR averaging schemes prescribed in safety guidelines

Performance and Validation of a Broadband- Multigeneration Exposure System for Unconstrained Rats