抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Emotion and Adaptation

Perceived discrimination has been studied with regard to its impact on several types of health effects. This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive account of the relationships between multiple forms of perceived discrimination and both mental and physical health outcomes. In addition, this meta-analysis examines potential mechanisms by which perceiving discrimination may affect health, including through psychological and physiological stress responses and health behaviors. Analysis of 134 samples suggests that when weighting each study's contribution by sample size, perceived discrimination has a significant negative effect on both mental and physical health. Perceived discrimination also produces significantly heightened stress responses and is related to participation in unhealthy and nonparticipation in healthy behaviors. These findings suggest potential pathways linking perceived discrimination to negative health outcomes.

/pdf/perceived-discrimination-and-health-a-meta-analytic-review-4aai112ban.pdf

Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review.

The association between religiousness and depressive symptoms was examined with meta-analytic methods across 147 independent investigations (N 98,975). Across all studies, the correlation between religiousness and depressive symptoms was –.096, indicating that greater religiousness is mildly associated with fewer symptoms. The results were not moderated by gender, age, or ethnicity, but the religiousness– depression association was stronger in studies involving people who were undergoing stress due to recent life events. The results were also moderated by the type of measure of religiousness used in the study, with extrinsic religious orientation and negative religious coping (e.g., avoiding difficulties through religious activities, blaming God for difficulties) associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms, the opposite direction of the overall findings.

/pdf/religiousness-and-depression-evidence-for-a-main-effect-and-3w9adtj1w8.pdf

Religiousness and depression: evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) has established itself as one of the most effective therapies for treating a wide range of psychological disorders. However, research and treatment in this field typically adopts a DSM driven 'disorder-focused' approach - researchers and clinicians target a specific disorder, try to understand its aetiology and maintenance, and try to develop more effective strategies to treat the disorder. This book proposes an insightful and original approach to understanding these disorders, one that focuses on what they have in common. Instead of examining in isolation, for example, obsessive compulsive disorders, insomnia, schizophrenia, it asks - what do patients with these disorders have in common? It takes each cognitive and behavioural process - attention, memory, reasoning, thought, behaviour, and examines whether it is a transdiagnostic process - i.e., serves to maintain a broad range of psychological disorders. Having shown how these disorders share several important processes, it then describes the practical implications of such an approach to diagnosis and treatment. Importantly it explores why the different psychological disorders can present so differently, despite being maintained by the same cognitive and behavioural processes. It also provides an account of the high rates of comorbidity observed among the different disorders. This book provides a novel review and integration of the empirical literature and gives clinicians and researchers a valuable new theoretical base for assessing and treating psychological disorders. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) has established itself as one of the most effective therapies for treating a wide range of psychological disorders. However, research and treatment in this field typically adopts a DSM driven 'disorder-focused' approach - researchers and clinicians target a specific disorder, try to understand its aetiology and maintenance, and try to develop more effective strategies to treat the disorder. This book proposes an insightful and original approach to understanding these disorders, one that focuses on what they have in common. Instead of examining in isolation, for example, obsessive compulsive disorders, insomnia, schizophrenia, it asks - what do patients with these disorders have in common? It takes each cognitive and behavioural process - attention, memory, reasoning, thought, behaviour, and examines whether it is a transdiagnostic process - i.e., serves to maintain a broad range of psychological disorders. Having shown how these disorders share several important processes, it then describes the practical implications of such an approach to diagnosis and treatment. Importantly it explores why the different psychological disorders can present so differently, despite being maintained by the same cognitive and behavioural processes. It also provides an account of the high rates of comorbidity observed among the different disorders. This book provides a novel review and integration of the empirical literature and gives clinicians and researchers a valuable new theoretical base for assessing and treating psychological disorders.

Cognitive Behavioural Processes across Psychological Disorders: A Transdiagnostic Approach to Research and Treatment

Is the reexperience of painful emotion therapeutic

The field of psychoneuroimmunology has witnessed an explosion of empirical findings during the last two decades. Research has documented the mechanisms through which stressful emotions alter white blood cell function. Stress diminishes white blood cell response to viral infected cells and to cancer cells. Moreover, vaccination is less effective in those who are stressed and wounds heal less readily in those who are stressed. While stress decreases the activity of some white blood cells, stress does not compromise the function of all types of white blood cells. Indeed, some types of autoimmune disease, which involve particular subsets of white blood cells, are exacerbated by stress. The literature documents the efficacy of talk-therapy interventions in altering immune system parameters and enhancing the body's ability to combat disease. The literature also documents the impact of the chronic stress of poverty on immune system function.

/pdf/the-mind-body-connection-not-just-a-theory-anymore-38l1nhbfss.pdf

The mind-body connection: not just a theory anymore.

In a sample of African-American, homeless or insecurely sheltered men, the occurrence of discrete stressors in the prior week contributed to the experience of depressive symptoms among this generally stressed population. Reliance on active, problem-focused coping strategies as opposed to emotion-coping strategies was associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms contradicting the hypothesis that active coping is counter-productive for African-American men. However, depressive symptoms increased, with added uncontrollable stress, even for active copers, contradicting a stress-buffering hypothesis. Under conditions of high uncontrollable stress, problem-focused coping was associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms than emotion-focused coping, however, additional discrete stressors exerted less impact on the level of depressive symptoms among the emotion-focused copers than the active, problem-focused copers.

Predictors of depression in a sample of African-American homeless men: identifying effective coping strategies given varying levels of daily stressors.

In the last two decades, the income and security of the individual middle class worker has declined and the gap between the middle class and the wealthy has widened. We explain how this is bad for democracy, the economy, and the aggregate health of the nation. We examine the governmental policies and interventions that increased the middle class following the depression and maintained its vigor through the post-World War II period. The impetus for these changes in governmental policies in the 1930s was to end the Great Depression. We pose the question of whether a nation can recover from a depression without invigorating the middle class. We conclude that in order to recover from the current economic and fi nancial crisis, the middle class must be strengthened.

/pdf/why-you-should-care-about-the-threatened-middle-class-1ogxlczk6s.pdf

Why You Should Care About the Threatened Middle Class

The authors of the widely cited studies analyzing the Swedish adoption records of the children of alcoholics have advanced the notion that there are three distinct paths for the inheritance of alcoholism. One path results in moderate alco- holism in men and a form of somatization but no alcoholism in women. A second path results in severe and mild alcoholism in men and alcoholism in women. The third path results in a particular variety of alcohol abuse in men and a particular variety of somatization in women. This article analyzes the authors' claims. It is argued that the data were improperly analyzed for the conclusions reached and alternative parsimo- nious explanations for the results are offered. Although the Swedish studies do not offer support for three distinct paths of inheritance of alcoholism, they do support the inheritability of alcoholism and suggest that alcoholism may be linked with somatization in women. Unfortunately, reasonable questions can be raised about the generalizability of the data base. (J. Stud. Alcohol 49: 491-499, 1988) HERE HAS BEEN little that is revolutionary in the thinking concerning the inheritance of alco- holism, with the exception of the conclusions reached in a set of studies by Cloninger, Bohman, Sigvardsson and von Knorring (cited in the appropriate contexts in this article). The authors report a number of adoption studies analyzing an extensive data base collected from the records of Swedish adoptees. They have reached the conclusion that there are three separate types of inheritance for alcoholism. Their thinking is based on detailed differences in family histories for some sets of alcoholics. The details are used in the development of a rather complex picture of genetic history for alcoholism that is not easy to follow critically. Because these authors have had

/pdf/the-swedish-studies-of-the-adopted-children-of-alcoholics-1axf4xgpln.pdf

Jill Littrell

Papers

Is the reexperience of painful emotion therapeutic

The mind-body connection: not just a theory anymore.

Predictors of depression in a sample of African-American homeless men: identifying effective coping strategies given varying levels of daily stressors.

Why You Should Care About the Threatened Middle Class

The Swedish studies of the adopted children of alcoholics