Jing J. Wang

Bio: Jing J. Wang is an academic researcher from Flinders University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Antibody & Medicine. The author has an hindex of 8, co-authored 15 publications receiving 231 citations. Previous affiliations of Jing J. Wang include South Australia Pathology & Flinders Medical Centre.

Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19.

Abstract: The durability of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity has major implications for reinfection and vaccine development. Here, we show a comprehensive profile of antibody, B cell and T cell dynamics over time in a cohort of patients who have recovered from mild-moderate COVID-19. Binding and neutralising antibody responses, together with individual serum clonotypes, decay over the first 4 months post-infection. A similar decline in Spike-specific CD4+ and circulating T follicular helper frequencies occurs. By contrast, S-specific IgG+ memory B cells consistently accumulate over time, eventually comprising a substantial fraction of circulating the memory B cell pool. Modelling of the concomitant immune kinetics predicts maintenance of serological neutralising activity above a titre of 1:40 in 50% of convalescent participants to 74 days, although there is probably additive protection from B cell and T cell immunity. This study indicates that SARS-CoV-2 immunity after infection might be transiently protective at a population level. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines might require greater immunogenicity and durability than natural infection to drive long-term protection.

Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are reduced and functionally immature in the peripheral blood of primary Sjögren's syndrome patients.

Abstract: The frequencies, immunophenotype, and function of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells were studied in patients with primary Sjogren syndrome (pSS) and healthy controls. MAIT cells were significantly decreased in the peripheral blood (PB) of patients with pSS. Vα7.2+ MAIT cells were detected in the salivary gland tissue from pSS patients, but not in controls, indicating that the reduction of MAIT cells in PB might be due to migration into the target tissue. Furthermore, the residual peripheral blood MAIT cells in pSS patients showed altered immunophenotype and function. While MAIT cells from controls were almost exclusively CD8+ and expressed an effector memory immunophenotype, in pSS patients they were enriched in CD4+ and naive subpopulations. Consistently, the functional studies demonstrated that MAIT cells from pSS showed a lower level of activation with reduced expression of CD69 and CD154 (CD40L), and a lower production of TNF and IFN-γ. In summary, our findings demonstrate that MAIT cells were reduced and phenotypically and functionally altered in PB of pSS patients. The altered function of MAIT cells in target tissues from pSS patients may result in dysregulation of mucosal immunity leading to microbial damage of mucosal surfaces and subsequent initiation of autoimmune response.

Abundance of Synaptic Vesicle-Related Proteins in Alpha-Synuclein-Containing Protein Inclusions Suggests a Targeted Formation Mechanism

Abstract: Proteinaceous α-synuclein-containing inclusions are found in affected brain regions in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). These appear in neurons as Lewy bodies in both PD and DLB and as glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) in oligodendrocytes in MSA. The role they play in the pathology of the diseases is unknown, and relatively little is still known about their composition. By purifying the inclusions from the surrounding tissue and comprehensively analysing their protein composition, vital clues to the formation mechanism and role in the disease process may be found. In this study, Lewy bodies were purified from postmortem brain tissue from DLB cases (n = 2) and GCIs were purified from MSA cases (n = 5) using a recently improved purification method, and the purified inclusions were analysed by mass spectrometry. Twenty-one percent of the proteins found consistently in the GCIs and LBs were synaptic-vesicle related. Identified proteins included those associated with exosomes (CD9), clathrin-mediated endocytosis (clathrin, AP-2 complex, dynamin), retrograde transport (dynein, dynactin, spectrin) and synaptic vesicle fusion (synaptosomal-associated protein 25, vesicle-associated membrane protein 2, syntaxin-1). This suggests that the misfolded or excess α-synuclein may be targeted to inclusions via vesicle-mediated transport, which also explains the presence of the neuronal protein α-synuclein within GCIs.

Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Abstract: Predictive models of immune protection from COVID-19 are urgently needed to identify correlates of protection to assist in the future deployment of vaccines. To address this, we analyzed the relationship between in vitro neutralization levels and the observed protection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection using data from seven current vaccines and from convalescent cohorts. We estimated the neutralization level for 50% protection against detectable SARS-CoV-2 infection to be 20.2% of the mean convalescent level (95% confidence interval (CI) = 14.4–28.4%). The estimated neutralization level required for 50% protection from severe infection was significantly lower (3% of the mean convalescent level; 95% CI = 0.7–13%, P = 0.0004). Modeling of the decay of the neutralization titer over the first 250 d after immunization predicts that a significant loss in protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection will occur, although protection from severe disease should be largely retained. Neutralization titers against some SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern are reduced compared with the vaccine strain, and our model predicts the relationship between neutralization and efficacy against viral variants. Here, we show that neutralization level is highly predictive of immune protection, and provide an evidence-based model of SARS-CoV-2 immune protection that will assist in developing vaccine strategies to control the future trajectory of the pandemic. Estimates of the levels of neutralizing antibodies necessary for protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 or severe COVID-19 are a fraction of the mean level in convalescent serum and will be useful in guiding vaccine rollouts.

Neutralising antibody titres as predictors of protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants and the impact of boosting: a meta-analysis

Abstract: Several SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern have been identified that partly escape serum neutralisation elicited by current vaccines. Studies have also shown that vaccines demonstrate reduced protection against symptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants. We explored whether in-vitro neutralisation titres remain predictive of vaccine protection from infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants.In this meta-analysis, we analysed published data from 24 identified studies on in-vitro neutralisation and clinical protection to understand the loss of neutralisation to existing SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. We integrated the results of this analysis into our existing statistical model relating in-vitro neutralisation to protection (parameterised on data from ancestral virus infection) to estimate vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants. We also analysed data on boosting of vaccine responses and use the model to predict the impact of booster vaccination on protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants.The neutralising activity against the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 was highly predictive of neutralisation of variants of concern. Decreases in neutralisation titre to the alpha (1·6-fold), beta (8·8-fold), gamma (3·5-fold), and delta (3·9-fold) variants (compared to the ancestral virus) were not significantly different between different vaccines. Neutralisation remained strongly correlated with protection from symptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (rS=0·81, p=0·0005) and the existing model remained predictive of vaccine efficacy against variants of concern once decreases in neutralisation to the variants of concern were incorporated. Modelling of predicted vaccine efficacy against variants over time suggested that protection against symptomatic infection might decrease below 50% within the first year after vaccination for some vaccines. Boosting of previously infected individuals with existing vaccines (which target ancestral virus) is predicted to provide a higher degree of protection from infection with variants of concern than primary vaccination schedules alone.In-vitro neutralisation titres remain a correlate of protection from SARS-CoV-2 variants and modelling of the effects of waning immunity predicts a loss of protection to the variants after vaccination. However, booster vaccination with current vaccines should enable higher neutralisation to SARS-CoV-2 variants than is achieved with primary vaccination, which is predicted to provide robust protection from severe infection outcomes with the current SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, at least in the medium term.The National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), the Medical Research Future Fund (Australia), and the Victorian Government.

The biology and functional importance of MAIT cells.

Abstract: In recent years, a population of unconventional T cells called 'mucosal-associated invariant T cells' (MAIT cells) has captured the attention of immunologists and clinicians due to their abundance in humans, their involvement in a broad range of infectious and non-infectious diseases and their unusual specificity for microbial riboflavin-derivative antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like protein MR1. MAIT cells use a limited T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire with public antigen specificities that are conserved across species. They can be activated by TCR-dependent and TCR-independent mechanisms and exhibit rapid, innate-like effector responses. Here we review evidence showing that MAIT cells are a key component of the immune system and discuss their basic biology, development, role in disease and immunotherapeutic potential.