Climate Change 1995 is a scientific assessment that was generated by more than 1 000 contributors from over 50 nations. It was jointly co-ordinated through two international agencies; the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. The assessment was completed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) with a primary aim of reviewing the current state of knowledge concerning the impacts of climate change on physical and ecological systems, human health, and socioeconomic factors. The second aim was to review the available information on the technical and economic feasibility of the potential mitigation and adaptation strategies.

Climate Change 1995

Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain, China.

/pdf/conservation-agriculture-and-ecosystem-services-an-overview-5dh4ewvhue.pdf

Conservation agriculture and ecosystem services: An overview

Effects of biochar amendment on soil quality, crop yield and greenhouse gas emission in a Chinese rice paddy: A field study of 2 consecutive rice growing cycles

Agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions contribute approximately 12% to total global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Cereals (rice, wheat, and maize) are the largest source of human calories, and it is estimated that world cereal production must increase by 1.3% annually to 2025 to meet growing demand. Sustainable intensification of cereal production systems will require maintaining high yields while reducing environmental costs. We conducted a meta-analysis (57 published studies consisting of 62 study sites and 328 observations) to test the hypothesis that the global warming potential (GWP) of CH4 and N2O emissions from rice, wheat, and maize, when expressed per ton of grain (yield-scaled GWP), is similar, and that the lowest value for each cereal is achieved at near optimal yields. Results show that the GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions from rice (3757 kg CO2 eq ha � 1 season � 1 ) was higher than wheat (662 kg CO2 eq ha � 1 season � 1 ) and maize (1399 kg CO2 eq ha � 1 season � 1 ). The yield-scaled GWP of rice was about four times higher (657 kg CO2 eq Mg � 1 ) than wheat (166 kg CO2 eq Mg � 1 ) and maize (185 kg CO2 eq Mg � 1 ). Across cereals, the lowest yield-scaled GWP values were achieved at 92% of maximal yield and were about twice as high for rice (279 kg CO2 eq Mg � 1 ) than wheat (102 kg CO2 eq Mg � 1 ) or maize (140 kg CO2 eq Mg � 1 ), suggesting greater mitigation opportunities for rice systems. In rice, wheat and maize, 0.68%, 1.21%, and 1.06% of N applied was emitted as N2O, respectively. In rice systems, there was no correlation between CH4 emissions and N rate. In addition, when evaluating issues related to food security and environmental sustainability, other factors including cultural significance, the provisioning of ecosystem services, and human health and well-being must also be considered.

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An agronomic assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from major cereal crops

[1] A 3-year field experiment was conducted to simultaneously measure methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from rice paddies under various agricultural managements including water regime, crop residue incorporation, and synthetic fertilizer application In contrast with continuous flooding, midseason drainage incurred a drop in CH4 fluxes while triggering substantial N2O emission Moreover, N2O emissions after midseason drainage depended strongly on whether or not fields were waterlogged due to intermittent irrigation Urea application tended to reduce CH4 emissions but significantly increased N2O emissions Under a water regime of flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding-moist intermittent irrigation but without water logging (F-D-F-M), both wheat straw and rapeseed cake incorporation increased CH4 emissions by 252%, and rapeseed cake increased N2O by 17% while wheat straw reduced N2O by 19% compared to controls Seasonal average fluxes of CH4 ranged from 254 mg m−2 d−1 when no additional residue was applied under the water regime of flooding-midseason drainage-reflooding to 1169 mg m−2 d−1 when wheat straw was applied at 225 t ha−1 under continuous irrigation flooding Seasonal average fluxes of N2O varied between 003 mg N2O-N m−2 d−1 under continuous flooding and 523 mg N2O-N m−2 d−1 under the water regime of F-D-F-M Both crop residue-induced CH4, ranging from 9 to 15% of the incorporated residue C, and N2O, ranging from 001 to 178% of the applied N, were dependent on water regime in rice paddies Estimations of net global warming potentials (GWPs) indicate that water management by flooding with midseason drainage and frequent water logging without the use of organic amendments is an effective option for mitigating the combined climatic impacts from CH4 and N2O in paddy rice production

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2004GB002401

A 3-year field measurement of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddies in China : Effects of water regime, crop residue, and fertilizer application

Jingyan Jiang

Papers

A 3-year field measurement of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddies in China : Effects of water regime, crop residue, and fertilizer application

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice seedling nurseries under flooding and moist irrigation regimes in Southeast China