We investigate whether income inequality affects subsequent growth in a cross-country sample for 1965-90, using the models of Barro (1997), Bleaney and Nishiyama (2002) and Sachs and Warner (1997), with negative results. We then investigate the evolution of income inequality over the same period and its correlation with growth. The dominating feature is inequality convergence across countries. This convergence has been significantly faster amongst developed countries. Growth does not appear to influence the evolution of inequality over time. Outline

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/81822/1/02-28.pdf

Economic growth and income inequality

Global trade agreements have shaped the food system in ways that alter the availability, accessibility, affordability, and desirability of ready-to-eat foods. We assessed the time trends of ultra-processed foods purchases in Mexican households from 1984 to 2016. Cross-sectional data from 15 rounds of the National Income and Expenditure Survey (1984, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016) were analyzed. Food and beverage purchases collected in a daily record instrument (over seven days) were classified according to their degree of processing according to the NOVA food framework: (1) Unprocessed or minimally processed foods; (2) processed culinary ingredients; (3) processed foods; and (4) ultra-processed foods. From 1984 to 2016, the total daily energy purchased decreased from 2428.8 to 1875.4 kcal/Adult Equivalent/day, there was a decrease of unprocessed or minimally processed foods (from 69.8% to 61.4% kcal) and processed culinary ingredients (from 14.0% to 9.0% kcal), and an increase of processed foods (from 5.7% to 6.5% kcal) and ultra-processed foods (from 10.5% to 23.1% kcal). Given that ultra-processed foods purchases have doubled in the last three decades and unprocessed or minimally processed foods purchased have gradually declined, future strategies should promote the consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed foods, and discourage ultra-processed foods availability and accessibility in Mexico.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/1/45/pdf/1

Trends in Ultra-Processed Food Purchases from 1984 to 2016 in Mexican Households.

En los ultimos anos el debate sobre la pobreza en Mexico ha girado en torno tanto a su medicion como a las fuentes de informacion utilizadas para medirla, las tendencias encontradas y sus posibles explicaciones (Szekely y Rascon, 2005). La creacion de una metodologia preliminar de medicion de la pobreza, propuesta por el Comite Tecnico para la Medicion de la Pobreza (CTMP) y adoptada por la Secretaria de Desarrollo Social (sedesol), ha permitido utilizar la Encuesta Nacional de Ingreso y Gasto de los Hogares (enigh) para calcular tanto la incidencia y la intensidad de la pobreza, como la desigualdad de la distribucion del ingreso entre los pobres (CTMP, 2002). Sin embargo, cabe senalar que el CTMP propuso tres conceptos de pobreza definidos como: i) el grupo de los hogares que aun gastando todos sus ingresos nada mas que en la adquisicion de alimentos no les alcanzaria para adquirir los bienes de la canasta alimentaria, ii) la clase formada por los hogares cuyos ingresos serian insuficientes para cubrir los gastos en alimentacion, salud, edu-

/pdf/pobres-con-oportunidades-mexico-2002-1005-2yp0bg9203.pdf

Pobres con oportunidades : México 2002-1005

In this article, the geographical location and availability of the most important crop residues generated in Mexico over the last 10 years (2008—2017) were determined. This study estimates the gross number of residues for the four most important cultivars in Mexico named conventional residues (CRs) such as corn, wheat, sorghum, and barley, and estimates were also made for regionally important crops identified as nonconventional residues (NCRs) such as coffee, sugarcane, and beans. The total and sustainable energy potentials (TEP and SEP) for agricultural residues were calculated, in similar way the butanol and electricity production potentials were also calculated if these residues were processed under a nonconventional biorefinery scheme; the calculated availability of crop residues was 59,059,666 t/year, thus demonstrating that Mexico could have great potential for bioenergy production. The estimated TEP was 1,787,241,249 PJ/year, and the SEP was 78,724,689 PJ/year. The production of butanol and its production cost were calculated for the main crop residues; the butanol volume ranged from 7348 to 161,610 t/day, and the volume of crops of regional importance ranged from 6461.9 to 151,389 t/day. The minimum butanol production cost was 2000 t/day of feedstock. The surplus electricity was determined for all crop residues.

Energy potential of agricultural residues generated in Mexico and their use for butanol and electricity production under a biorefinery configuration

Objective: to identify the reciprocity and leadership role within the Mujeres Sembrando la Vida cooperative in Zinacatan, Chiapas, through the analysis of the strategies employed for their adaptation to the textile arena, and their incidence in social reproduction. Methodology: qualitative research methods are used. Results: domestic groups use diverse sides of symmetrical and asymmetrical reciprocity and communal leadership in three fields: localized groups of production, cooperative or associative project, and textile arena for social reproduction. Limitations: derived conditions from sanitary emergency due to SARS-Cov2 caused the suspension of field work, shifting this to the virtual environment. Value: it is established that kinship and cargo system are the base for social relations, and demonstrate that women develop adaptation strategies in the textile arena. Conclusions: though the appropriation and resignification of the figure of cooperative, the localized groups of production insert into the market economy by means of cultural anchoring, which demonstrates their adaptive capacity and self-management to guarantee their social reproduction in a culturally diverse environment, such as the textile arena.

Artesanía textil, reciprocidad, liderazgo y reproducción social en Zinacantán, Chiapas

/pdf/las-crisis-economicas-y-sus-efectos-en-el-mercado-de-trabajo-2fv4ludh1z.pdf

Las crisis económicas y sus efectos en el mercado de trabajo, en la desigualdad y en la pobreza de México

This work analyzes the spatial inequalities in the regional socioeconomic development of Sonora. In order to do so, a statistical model is designed and it resorts to the technique of the factorial analysis of main components which allows to estimate a Municipal Socioeconomic Development Index (IDSEM) for year 2000, which makes evident the geographic concentration of the regional development in Sonora. An econometric model was specified as well, that allowed to identify the factors that prevent or stimulate the socioeconomic development of the population in the municipalities of the State.

/pdf/el-desarrollo-regional-en-el-estado-fronterizo-de-sonora-k9xdc4m9xh.pdf

El desarrollo regional en el estado fronterizo de Sonora, México *

/pdf/la-incidencia-de-pobreza-e-impacto-del-programa-4ucyj6k26i.pdf

La incidencia de pobreza e impacto del programa Oportunidades en el país y el Estado de México

[ 57 ] El trabajo analiza las desigualdades espaciales en el desarrollo socioeconomico de la Region Yaqui-Mayo. Se estima un indice de especializacion economica que ayuda a conocer la estructura economica y la especializacion segun la rama de actividad productiva en los municipios; ademas, un indice de desarrollo socioeconomico municipal (IDSEM) que lleva a identificar la situacion del desarrollo socioeconomico de la poblacion en los municipios de la Region Yaqui-Mayo. Lo anterior, induce a establecer una correspondencia entre la diversificacion en la base productiva de los municipios urbanos con los Altos niveles de desarrollo socioeconomico regional y a la vez, el rezago en el desarrollo de los municipios rurales con la monoespecializacion productiva.

http://www.eco.buap.mx/aportes/revista/34%20Ano%20XII%20Numero%2034,%20Enero-Abril%20de%202007/04%20Especializacion%20productiva%20y%20desarrollo%20en%20una%20region%20agricola%20de%20Sonora;%20la%20region%20Yaqui-Mayo%201990%20y%202000-Joaquin%20Bracamontes%20Nevarez%20y%20Mario%20Camberos%20Castro.pdf

Especialización productiva y desarrollo en una región agrícola de Sonora: la región Yaqui-Mayo, 1990 y 2000

In this paper we study β-convergence absolute and conditional, also σ convergence. Solow´s Model (1956) exogenous development and Lucas' endogenous growth Model (1988) are used as theoretic foundation. To prove convergence hypothesis in Mexico case and the 32 states who conform it, and also to answer the question: Solow or Lucas economic growth explication? An econometric OLS and panel models are taken account. 
We found the β-convergence and the expected negative sign when annual data series long term is considered in a first regression, but the result is not statistically reliable; if it is estimated for decades periods, second regression, only 1960-1970 show absolute convergence, a third regression including population growth rate and physical capital investment per capita, variables as considered by Solow and estimate including human capital index (HCI), human development index (HDI 2) such as in Lucas model, it confirm no-absolute β-convergence, till outliers were eliminated. When panel heteroskedastic is considerate, convergence is observed, but 48 years path, suggesting includes proxy variables which capture the political effects and explore conditional convergence in a next research. Finally Mexican economic growth Lucas style is proved.

Joaquín Bracamontes Nevárez

Papers

Las crisis económicas y sus efectos en el mercado de trabajo, en la desigualdad y en la pobreza de México

El desarrollo regional en el estado fronterizo de Sonora, México *

La incidencia de pobreza e impacto del programa Oportunidades en el país y el Estado de México

Especialización productiva y desarrollo en una región agrícola de Sonora: la región Yaqui-Mayo, 1990 y 2000

Exogenous or Endogenous Economic Growth: A Mexican States Convergence Research