行銷硏究 : Marketing research

Residents' perceptions of community tourism impacts

Cornell hotel and restaurant administration quarterly

Goal and objectives of the dissertationGoalThe goal of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument that would offer tourism managers and planners a useful tool in understanding and planning for memorable tourism experiences (MTE).ObjectivesSpecifically, this study sought to answer the following research questions:1. Does the MTE scale developed in this study yield an appropriate level of reliability and validity?2. Are there relationships among the constructs in the proposed model?3. How well does the construct model fit the data when tested using the analysis technique of structural equation model?MethodologyParticipants and ProceduresAn empirical evaluation of the developed instrument was undertaken using data obtained from U.S. college students at a large Midwestern university. The students were enrolled in 12 classes spread across different academic majors. The participants were first asked to recall their MTE and to evaluate all 85 items on a seven-point Likert-type scale, on which 1 represented I have not experienced at all and 7 represented I have experienced very much. A total of 730 survey questionnaires were handed out and 536 copies were returned, representing an overall response rate of 73.4%.Development and validation of research instrumentIn refining the scale, both exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) as well as reliability tests were conducted. After the number of factors was identified and the problematic items were removed based on the results of exploratory factor analysis, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using the covariance matrmatrix examine whether the scale items were structurally consistent with the embedded theory or with any a priori logic of scale design. Before the CFA, the sample was randomly split into two 250-case subsamples using SPSS routine for random case selection. One sample was used for calibration and the other for validation.Structural Equation ModelingAfter the convergent and discriminant validity are identified, a further examination of the causal relationships between the derived constructs and other constructs or variables of interest was performed to see if the derived constructs behave in the way stipulated by the underlying tenets guiding the MTE scale development. The resulting data further provides critical indication of construct validity. Researchers regarded this test as a process to assess nomological validity of construct (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988; Campbell, 1960; Chen & Hsu, 2001).ResultsPurification of Measurement ScaleIn assessing the quality of an item, the itemto- total correlations were examined. This is a commonly accepted procedure in developing a scale (Choi & Sirakaya, 2005). In order to purify the scale, items that were poorly correlated (r Exploratory Factor AnalysisEFA was followed by a rotation with both orthogonal (VARIMAX) and oblique (OBLIMIN) methods. Results from two different methods showed similar structures with the same value of explained variances. The results obtained from principal components analysis with an oblique rotation method was used for the data analysis in order to permit the obtained components to correlate and, therefore, followed the assumption that MTE components are related yet distinct from each other (Lee & Comrey 1979). In deciding to retain an item, both factor loading (r > 0.4) and the communality (r>0.5) of each item were examined. Employing a combination of Cattell (1966) scree test and theoretical basis of the scale (i.e., eigenvalues greater than 1), the EFA of the MTE scale extracted seven factors accounting for 74. …

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Development of a scale to measure memorable tourism experiences.

The quality experiences provided to customers, which are indeed memorable, directly determine a business’s ability to generate revenue (Pine and Gilmore 1999). However, the extant tourism literature has provided limited explanation of the factors that characterize memorable tourism experiences. Thus, the goal of the present study was to develop a valid and reliable measurement scale that will assist in understanding the concept and in improving the effective management of the memorable experience. Following Churchill’s (1979) recommended process, we developed a 24-item memorable tourism experience scale that we believe is applicable to most destination areas. The scale comprises seven domains: hedonism, refreshment, local culture, meaningfulness, knowledge, involvement, and novelty. The data support this dimensional structure of the memorable tourism experience as well as its internal consistency and validity (i.e., content, construct, convergent, and discriminant validity). Theoretical and managerial imp...

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Development of a Scale to Measure Memorable Tourism Experiences

A 35-item tourism impact scale was developed. It was de rived from an initial pool of 147 impact items drawn from personal interviews and the literature, and it was refined us ing classical scale-development procedures. The scale com prises seven domains: social and cultural, economic, crowd ing and congestion, environmental, services, taxes, and community attitudes, although the latter two domains did not always emerge as independent factors. Testing was under taken with three independent samples drawn from communi ties exhibiting different tourism characteristics. The scale was demonstrated to have dimensional distinctiveness and stability, internal consistency, content validity, and conver gent validity. Tourism impacts were assessed by measuring both belief and affect toward the impact attributes.

Developing and Testing a Tourism Impact Scale

Case study on tour guiding : professionalism, issues and problems

This article reports four strategies that comprise a continuum for responding to tourism impacts: embracement, tolerance, adjustment, and withdrawal. The behaviors seem to result from reactions to tourists' numbers and behavior rather than from a cultural gap. Two directions for future research are suggested: to relate residents' perceptions of tourism impacts to the behavioral strategies they adopt, and to develop an instrument for measuring the strategies continuum described.

Residents' Strategies for Responding to Tourism Impacts

The aim of this article is to identify and examine the host residents' perceptions towards a mega event, the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, and its impacts. An impact scale comprising 20 impact items with four factors—social-psychological impacts, urban development impacts, economic development impacts, and social life impacts—was developed. It was found that the majority of respondents perceived the impacts of the 2008 Games very positively, particularly for those related to the social-psychological, urban development, and economic development factors. Residents' perceptions towards some social life impacts (e.g., overcrowding, higher prices) were mixed. Based on their different social representations (i.e., perceptions towards the impacts of the Games), residents were classified into two groups: “embracers” and “tolerators.” The three most significant factors that influenced residents' perceptions towards the Beijing 2008 Olympics were residents' perceptions/attitudes about government performance, their pr...

John Ap

Papers

Developing and Testing a Tourism Impact Scale

Case study on tour guiding : professionalism, issues and problems

Residents' Strategies for Responding to Tourism Impacts

Residents' Perceptions towards the Impacts of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games

An analysis of tourism policy development in modern China