世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

A Treatise on the Family. G. S. Becker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1981. Gary Becker is one of the most famous and influential economists of the second half of the 20th century, a fervent contributor to and expounder of the University of Chicago free-market philosophy, and winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize in economics. Although any book with the word "treatise" in its title is clearly intended to have an impact, one coming from someone as brilliant and controversial as Becker certainly had such a lofty goal. It has received many article-length reviews in several disciplines (Ben-Porath, 1982; Bergmann, 1995; Foster, 1993; Hannan, 1982), which is one measure of its scholarly importance, and yet its impact is, I think, less than it may have initially appeared, especially for scholars with substantive interests in the family. This book is, its title notwithstanding, more about economics and the economic approach to behavior than about the family. In the first sentence of the preface, Becker writes "In this book, I develop an economic or rational choice approach to the family." Lest anyone accuse him of focusing on traditional (i.e., material) economics topics, such as family income, poverty, and labor supply, he immediately emphasizes that those topics are not his focus. "My intent is more ambitious: to analyze marriage, births, divorce, division of labor in households, prestige, and other non-material behavior with the tools and framework developed for material behavior." Indeed, the book includes chapters on many of these issues. One chapter examines the principles of the efficient division of labor in households, three analyze marriage and divorce, three analyze various child-related issues (fertility and intergenerational mobility), and others focus on broader family issues, such as intrafamily resource allocation. His analysis is not, he believes, constrained by time or place. His intention is "to present a comprehensive analysis that is applicable, at least in part, to families in the past as well as the present, in primitive as well as modern societies, and in Eastern as well as Western cultures." His tone is profoundly conservative and utterly skeptical of any constructive role for government programs. There is a clear sense of how much better things were in the old days of a genderbased division of labor and low market-work rates for married women. Indeed, Becker is ready and able to show in Chapter 2 that such a state of affairs was efficient and induced not by market or societal discrimination (although he allows that it might exist) but by small underlying household productivity differences that arise primarily from what he refers to as "complementarities" between caring for young children while carrying another to term. Most family scholars would probably find that an unconvincingly simple explanation for a profound and complex phenomenon. What, then, is the salient contribution of Treatise on the Family? It is not literally the idea that economics could be applied to the nonmarket sector and to family life because Becker had already established that with considerable success and influence. At its core, microeconomics is simple, characterized by a belief in the importance of prices and markets, the role of self-interested or rational behavior, and, somewhat less centrally, the stability of preferences. It was Becker's singular and invaluable contribution to appreciate that the behaviors potentially amenable to the economic approach were not limited to phenomenon with explicit monetary prices and formal markets. Indeed, during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, he did undeniably important and pioneering work extending the domain of economics to such topics as labor market discrimination, fertility, crime, human capital, household production, and the allocation of time. Nor is Becker's contribution the detailed analyses themselves. Many of them are, frankly, odd, idiosyncratic, and off-putting. …

A Treatise on the Family

Qualitative methods for health research , Qualitative methods for health research , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران

/pdf/qualitative-methods-for-health-research-4k0rnfqbnv.pdf

Qualitative methods for health research

This survey of sexual practices in the United States has been combed by the media for items of interest to the public: monogamous sex is much more widespread in this country than has been thought; infidelity is less frequent than presumed; vaginal intercourse is the defining experience of heterosexual behavior; watching one's partner undress is stimulating to many people; married couples have more sex than single people (unmarried, cohabiting couples have the most sex of all); the majority of couples experience sex twice a week to several times a month; 2.8% of men identify themselves as homosexual and 1.4% of women do so, but a higher percentage of people consider a same-gender experience to have some appeal; 75% of men always experience orgasm compared with 28.6% of women, but more nearly equal numbers of men and women declare themselves satisfied with their sexual experiences. The book is, in fact, a

The Social Organization of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States

List of Boxes.List of Field Perspectives.Foreword.Preface.Acknowledgments.Chapter 1: Invitation to Explore.Chapter 2: The Language and Logic of Qualitative Research.Chapter 3: Designing the Study.Chapter 4: Collecting Qualitative Data: The Science and the Art.Chapter 5: Logistics in the Field.Chapter 6: Qualitative Data Analysis.Chapter 7: Putting It into Words: Reporting Qualitative Research Results.Chapter 8: Disseminating Qualitative Research.Appendix 1: Samples of Behavioral Frameworks.Appendix 2: Examples of Oral Consent Forms.Appendix 3: Example of a Qualitative-Quantitative Research Design.Appendix 4: Procedural Guidelines for Managing Focus Group Discussions.Appendix 5: Sample Budget Categories for Planning Focus Group Discussions.Appendix 6: Topic Guides for Focus Group Discussions on Reproductive Health.Appendix 7: Sample Interviewer Training Program Agenda.Appendix 8: Common Errors in Moderating Focus Groups.Appendix 9: Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP): Ten Questions to Help You Make Sense of Qualitative Research.Appendix 10: Where to Publish.Appendix 11: Sample Research Brief on the Female Condom.Appendix 12: Who Is an Author?Appendix 13: Sample Brochure to Share Qualitative Study Findings with Participating Communities.Appendix 14: Making Study Findings Accessible to Other Researchers.Suggested Readings and Selected Internet Resources.References.The Authors.The Contributors.Index.

Qualitative Methods in Public Health: A Field Guide for Applied Research

The Design and Analysis of Focus Group Studies: A Practical Approach

Drawing on data compiled during the Princeton European Fertility Project the authors find that "the historical record suggests the relative lack of importance of income and prices in determining the demand for children prior to or during early stages of the fertility decline [in Europe during the last century]." They assert that some early features of the European transition from high to low fertility "can only be explained by a change in tastes or a decline in the cost of fertility regulation or some combination of the two." Among the features of Europes demographic transition that the authors note are "the variety of social economic and demographic conditions under which the decline of fertility occurred; its remarkable concentration over time; the apparent coincidence of the decline with the sudden adoption of family limitation practices; the rapid generalization of such practices once they appeared; the resultant drastic change of reproductive regimes; and finally the importance of cultural factors among those that appeared to influence the onset and the spread of the fertility decline." An innovation-diffusion dimension to the change in reproductive patterns is observed and implications for family planning programs in developing countries are considered. (EXCERPT)

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/1971824.pdf

Lessons from the past: policy implications of historical fertility studies.

List of tables List of figures Acknowledgements Part I. Introduction: 1. Family reconstitution and the historical study of demographic behaviour 2. The source and the sample Part II. Mortality: 3. Infant and child mortality: levels, trends and seasonality 4. Infant and mortality: socio-economic and demographic differentials 5. Maternal mortality Part III. Family Formation: 6. Marriage 7. Marital dissolution and remarriage 8. Illegitimacy 9. Bridal pregnancy and prenuptial births Part IV. Marital Reproduction: 10. Trends in marital fertility and underlying natural fertility components 11. From natural fertility to family limitation 12. Starting, stopping, spacing and the fertility transition Part V. Interrelationships in Demographic Behaviour: 13. Family size, fertility and nuptiality interrelationships 14. Child mortality and reproductive behaviour Part VI. Conclusion: 15. Population dynamics of the past: summing up Appendices Bibliography Index.

Demographic behavior in the past : a study of fourteen German village populations in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

Summary The age patterns of marital fertility levels and decline in modern Asia and historical Europe are analysed in order to answer two questions: (1) How closely do the age patterns of marital fertility in both areas prior to a systematic fertility decline conform to the age pattern of natural fertility? (2) How similar are the age patterns of the fertility transition experienced in Europe in the past, and the age pattern of fertility decline now under way in a number of Asian populations? The answers have important implications for our understanding of the fertility transition. They suggest that modern family limitation (i.e. parity-specific fertility control) was largely absent prior to a secular decline in marital fertility in both Europe and Asia. Furthermore, the evidence indicates that once the practice of family limitation starts to spread among the broader strata of the population, it seems almost inevitably to increase until it becomes a common behavioural norm. In this respect, the modern fer...

Family limitation and the fertility transition: Evidence from the age patterns of fertility in Europe and Asia.

Statistics of population dynamics in pre-fertility transition Europe especially Western Europe are diagrammed tabulated and graphed. A description of new sources of information refined concepts on Europes fertility transition and ways of measuring the actual practice of family limitation are explained. New findings in the field indicate that the past was largely characterized by natural fertility. Factors such as the period of lactation and seasonal migration influenced total fertility differences. The transition from high to low fertility and mortality represented a shift from natural fertility to family limitation. Differences in the start and speed of the fertility decline are determined more by cultural than by socioeconomic conditions. This process began in Western Europe under varying socioeconomic conditions during the 1880-1910 period and was irreversible once it started. It is generally agreed that many areas of the developing world are currently undergoing a fertility transition. Both birth and death rates in these countries are higher than levels ever were in pre-transition Europe. However the new findings relating to the transition in Europe lead experts to believe that this curent transition will follow the same courese. A certain level of socioeconomic development is not a precondition. Family planning programs even in underdeveloped areas can be effective.

John Knodel

Papers

The Design and Analysis of Focus Group Studies: A Practical Approach

Lessons from the past: policy implications of historical fertility studies.

Demographic behavior in the past : a study of fourteen German village populations in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

Family limitation and the fertility transition: Evidence from the age patterns of fertility in Europe and Asia.

Europe's fertility transition: new evidence and lessons for today's developing world.