다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

https://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Biodiesel.pdf

Biodiesel from microalgae.

https://www.cti2000.it/Bionett/BioD-1999-101%20Biodiesel%20production%20review.pdf

Biodiesel production : a review

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) coordinates a diverse array of cellular programs through transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes. This article reviews the current understanding of IFN-gamma ligand, receptor, signal transduction, and cellular effects with a focus on macrophage responses and to a lesser extent, responses from other cell types that influence macrophage function during infection. The current model for IFN-gamma signal transduction is discussed, as well as signal regulation and factors conferring signal specificity. Cellular effects of IFN-gamma are described, including up-regulation of pathogen recognition, antigen processing and presentation, the antiviral state, inhibition of cellular proliferation and effects on apoptosis, activation of microbicidal effector functions, immunomodulation, and leukocyte trafficking. In addition, integration of signaling and response with other cytokines and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-4, type I IFNs, and lipopolysaccharide are discussed.

https://jlb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1189/jlb.0603252

Interferon-γ: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions

Microalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro-organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20-50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo-oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid-rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high-value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

Interferon-γ-stimulated uptake and turnover of linoleate and arachidonate in macrophages : a possible pathway for hypersensitivity to endotoxin

The effect of trace metals on lipid metabolism in the brown alga Fucus serratus

The lipid composition of different callus cultures of Brassica napus varied according to their state of differentiation. Photomixotrophic callus was characterized by the ability to synthesize relatively high levels of triacylglycerol (TAG) which was rich in oleate. Glycosyldiacylglycerols were also detected. In contrast, heterotrophic callus was found to possess high proportions of membraneous phospholipids which were rich in palmitate, linoleate, and linolenate. Moreover, the lipid content was considerably less than that of photomixotrophic callus. Caulogenesis was achieved in both types of callus strains and the lipid composition of the regenerated leaves contained a much higher proportion of chloroplast glycosyldiacylglycerols and thus resembled more those of the parent plant. Some calli entered a senescent phase whereby there was considerable degradation of the constituent membrane lipids. Senescent callus also exhibited a high proportion of polyploid nuclei. In this study we have been able to cause large changes in the morphology of callus cultures. These morphological changes were accompanied by significant alterations in the quality and quantity of acyl lipids. In photomixotrophic cells the lipid changes resembled those seen for developing seed tissues where high rates of TAG deposition are accompanied by an altered fatty acid pattern. Thus, the selection of different callus types should be of use for investigations of the regulation of lipid biosynthesis under controlled culture conditions.

Changes in Lipid Composition during Callus Differentiation in Cultures of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Fatty acid synthesis in soluble fractions from olive (Olea europaea) fruits

The sensitivity of grass species to important classes of graminicide herbicides inhibiting ACCase (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) is associated with a specific inhibition of the multifunctional ACCase located in the plastids of grasses. In contrast, the multisubunit form of ACCase found in the chloroplasts of dicotyledonous plants is insensitive and the minor cytosolic multifunctional isoforms of the enzyme in both types of plants are also less sensitive to inhibition. We have isolated, separated and characterized the multifunctional ACCase isoforms found in exceptional examples of grasses that are either inherently insensitive to these graminicides, or from biotypes showing acquired resistance to their use. Major and minor multifunctional enzymes were isolated from cell suspension cultures of Festuca rubra and the ‘Notts A1’-resistant biotype of Alopecurus myosuroides, and their properties compared with those isolated from cells of wild-type sensitive A. myosuroides or from sensitive maize. Purifications of up to 300-fold were necessary to separate the two isoforms. The molecular masses (200–230 kDa) and Km values for all three substrates (ATP, bicarbonate and acetyl-CoA) were similar for the different ACCases, irrespective of their graminicide sensitivity. Moreover, we found no correlation between the ability of isoforms to carboxylate propionyl-CoA and their sensitivity to graminicides. However, insensitive purified forms of ACCase were characterized by herbicide-binding co-operativity, whereas, in contrast, sensitive forms of the enzymes were not. Our studies on isolated individual isoforms of ACCase from grasses support and extend previous indications that herbicide binding co-operativity is the only kinetic property that differentiates naturally or selected insensitive enzymes from the typical sensitive forms usually found in grasses.

/pdf/graminicide-insensitivity-correlates-with-herbicide-binding-1msyc2avkc.pdf

John L. Harwood

Papers

Interferon-γ-stimulated uptake and turnover of linoleate and arachidonate in macrophages : a possible pathway for hypersensitivity to endotoxin

The effect of trace metals on lipid metabolism in the brown alga Fucus serratus

Changes in Lipid Composition during Callus Differentiation in Cultures of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

Fatty acid synthesis in soluble fractions from olive (Olea europaea) fruits

Graminicide insensitivity correlates with herbicide-binding co-operativity on acetyl-CoA carboxylase isoforms.