다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

https://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Biodiesel.pdf

Biodiesel from microalgae.

https://www.cti2000.it/Bionett/BioD-1999-101%20Biodiesel%20production%20review.pdf

Biodiesel production : a review

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) coordinates a diverse array of cellular programs through transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes. This article reviews the current understanding of IFN-gamma ligand, receptor, signal transduction, and cellular effects with a focus on macrophage responses and to a lesser extent, responses from other cell types that influence macrophage function during infection. The current model for IFN-gamma signal transduction is discussed, as well as signal regulation and factors conferring signal specificity. Cellular effects of IFN-gamma are described, including up-regulation of pathogen recognition, antigen processing and presentation, the antiviral state, inhibition of cellular proliferation and effects on apoptosis, activation of microbicidal effector functions, immunomodulation, and leukocyte trafficking. In addition, integration of signaling and response with other cytokines and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-4, type I IFNs, and lipopolysaccharide are discussed.

https://jlb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1189/jlb.0603252

Interferon-γ: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions

Microalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro-organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20-50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo-oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid-rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high-value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

41 Egli, M. A,, Gengenbach, H. G., Gronwald, J. W., Somers, L l . A. and Wyse, I). I,. (1993) I’lant Physiol. 101,499-506 42 Finlayson, S. A. and I.lennis. 1). T. (1983) Arch. Hiochem. Hiophys. 225, 586-595 43 Nikolau, H. J., Wurtele, E. S. and Stumpf, P. K. (1984) Plant I’hysiol. 75, 895-901 44 Nikolau, H. J., Wurtele, B. S., Caffrey, J., Chen, Y., Crane, V., Diez, T., Huang, J.-Y.? McDowell, M. T., Shang, X.-M., Song, J., Wang, X. and Weaver, I,. M. (1993) in Hiochemistry and Molecular Biology of Membrane and Storage Lipids of Plants (Murata, N. and Somerville. C. K., eds.), pp. 138-149, American Society of I’lant Physiologists, Kockville. ML) 45 Wurtele, E:. S. and Nikolau, H. J. (1990) Arch. I h c h e m . Hiophys. 278, 179186 46 Howard, J. I,, and Kidley, S. M. (1990) FEHS Lett. 261,261-264 47 Hurton, J. D,, Gronwald, J. W., Keith, R. A,, Somers, D. A,, Gengenbach, H. G. and Wyse, L). I,. (1991) Pestic. Hiochem. I’hysiol. 39, 100109

Thiocarbamates and surface lipid synthesis.

Thiolactomycin is an inhibitor of type I1 dissociable fatty acid synthases from plants and bacteria [ 1 1. The three P-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthases in peas are all inhibited by thiolactomycin [2]. Condensing enzyme I1 (KAS II), which catalyses the elongation of palmitoyl-ACP to stearoyl-ACP is the most sensitive and the short chain condensing enzyme (KAS III), which catalyses the initial condensation of acetyl-CoA with malonyl-ACP, the least sensitive [2]. There is some evidence that acetyl-CoA: ACP transacylase activity is also inhibited but the other enzymes of fatty acid synthesis appear to be unaffected [2, 31. Table 1 shows that several of the analogues produce greater inhibition of fatty acid synthesis than thiolactomycin itself Thiolactomycin has a polar head group and a 5 carbon hydrophobic side chain (see legend to Table 1). Apart from analogue 7, which contains a nitrile group and gave rather inconsistent results, the most effective analogue structures are 5 and 6, both of which are more hydrophobic than thiolactomycin. Analogue 4 which is a straight-chain hydrocarbon but less hydrophobic than thiolactomycin give a inhibition, though not so much as thiolactomycin itself The shorter side chain of analogue 2 and the epoxy side-group of analogue 3 produced no inhibition at all. Hydrophobicity and length of the side chain therefore appear to

The effect of thiolactomycin analogues on fatty acid synthesis in peas (Pisum sativum cv. Onward)

Peritoneal mesothelial cells

Effects of pebulate and pebulate sulphoxide on very long chain fatty acid biosynthesis

Acyl carrier protein (ACP) from E. coli was cloned using degenerate PCR. The resulting clone was sequenced and translated to give a product which had the known amino acid sequence of E. coli ACP. The insert obtained was cloned into various expression systems, but no overexpression was obtained and sequencing of the insert revealed'the presence of mutations

John L. Harwood

Papers

Thiocarbamates and surface lipid synthesis.

The effect of thiolactomycin analogues on fatty acid synthesis in peas (Pisum sativum cv. Onward)

Peritoneal mesothelial cells

Effects of pebulate and pebulate sulphoxide on very long chain fatty acid biosynthesis

The cloning and overexpression of E. coli acyl carrier protein