John N. Coupland

Bio: John N. Coupland is an academic researcher from Pennsylvania State University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Emulsion & Whey protein isolate. The author has an hindex of 38, co-authored 108 publications receiving 4569 citations. Previous affiliations of John N. Coupland include Foundation University, Islamabad & University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Lipid oxidation in food emulsions

Abstract: Lipid oxidation is a major cause of quality deterioration in food emulsions. The design of foods with improved quality depends on a better understanding of the physicochemical mechanisms of lipid oxidation in these systems. The oxidation of emulsified lipids differs from that of bulk lipids, because of the presence of the droplet membrane, the interactions between the ingredients, and the partitioning of ingredients between the oil, aqueous and interfacial regions.

Physical Properties of Whey Protein Stabilized Emulsions as Related to pH and NaCl

Abstract: Corn oil-in-water emulsions (20 wt%, d32∼ 0.6 μm) stabilized by 2 wt% whey protein isolate were prepared with a range of pH (3–7) and salt concentrations (0–100 mM NaCl), and particle size, rheology and creaming were measured at 30°C. Appreciable droplet flocculation occurred near the isoelectric point of whey protein (pH 4–6), especially at higher NaCl concentrations. Droplet flocculation increased emulsion viscosity and decreased stability to creaming. Results are related to the influence of environmental conditions on electrostatic and other interactions between droplets.

Crystallization in emulsions

Abstract: The more widespread application of ultrasonic and X-ray techniques have stimulated further examination of the phase transitions in the lipid phase of oil-in-water emulsions. The improved experimental data have supported the development of theories to describe the processes.

Lipid Oxidation in Oil-in-Water Emulsions: Impact of Molecular Environment on Chemical Reactions in Heterogeneous Food Systems

Abstract: The susceptibility of lipids to oxidation is a major cause of quality deterioration in food emulsions. The reaction mechanism and factors that influence oxidation are appreciably different for emulsified lipids than for bulk lipids. This article reviews the current understanding of the lipid oxidation mechanism in oil-in-water emulsions. It also discusses the major factors that influence the rate of lipid oxidation in emulsions, such as antioxidants, chelating agents, ingredient purity, ingredient partitioning, interfacial characteristics, droplet characteristics, and ingredient interactions. This knowledge is then used to define effective strategies for controlling lipid oxidation in food emulsions.

Food-grade nanoemulsions: formulation, fabrication, properties, performance, biological fate, and potential toxicity.

Abstract: Nanoemulsions fabricated from food-grade ingredients are being increasingly utilized in the food industry to encapsulate, protect, and deliver lipophilic functional components, such as biologically-active lipids (e.g., ω-3 fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acid) and oil-soluble flavors, vitamins, preservatives, and nutraceuticals. The small size of the particles in nanoemulsions (r<100 nm) means that they have a number of potential advantages over conventional emulsions-higher stability to droplet aggregation and gravitational separation, high optical clarity, ability to modulate product texture, and, increased bioavailability of lipophilic components. On the other hand, there may also be some risks associated with the oral ingestion of nanoemulsions, such as their ability to change the biological fate of bioactive components within the gastrointestinal tract and the potential toxicity of some of the components used in their fabrication. This review article provides an overview of the current status of nanoemulsion formulation, fabrication, properties, applications, biological fate, and potential toxicity with emphasis on systems suitable for utilization within the food and beverage industry.

The problems of using one-dimensional methods to evaluate multifunctional food and biological antioxidants

Abstract: The activity of antioxidants in foods and biological systems is dependent on a multitude of factors, including the colloidal properties of the substrates, the conditions and stages of oxidation and the localisation of antioxidants in different phases. When testing natural antioxidants in vitro, it is therefore important to consider the system composition, the type of oxidisable substrate, the mode of accelerating oxidation, the methods to assess oxidation and how to quantify antioxidant activity. Antioxidant effectiveness is also determined by the heterogeneity and heterophasic nature of the system, the type of lipid substrate, including its physicochemical state and degree of unsaturation, the types of initiators, notably transition metals, other components and their possible interaction. For this reason there cannot be a short-cut approach to determining antioxidant activity. Each evaluation should be carried out under various conditions of oxidation, using several methods to measure different products of oxidation. Because most natural antioxidants and phytochemicals are multifunctional, a reliable antioxidant protocol requires the measurement of more than one property relevant to either foods or biological systems. Several recent studies on natural phytochemical compounds produced conflicting results because non-specific one-dimensional methods were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. There is a great need to standardise antioxidant testing to minimise the present chaos in the methodologies used to evaluate antioxidants. Several methods that are more specific should be used to obtain chemical information that can be related directly to oxidative deterioration of food and biological systems.

Fish Protein Hydrolysates: Production, Biochemical, and Functional Properties

Abstract: Considerable amounts of fish processing byproducts are discarded each year. By developing enzyme technologies for protein recovery and modification, production of a broad spectrum of food ingredients and industrial products may be possible. Hydrolyzed vegetable and milk proteins are widely used food ingredients. There are few hydrolyzed fish protein foods with the exception of East Asian condiments and sauces. This review describes various manufacturing techniques for fish protein hydrolysates using acid, base, endogenous enzymes, and added bacterial or digestive proteases. The chemical and biochemical characteristics of hydrolyzed fish proteins are discussed. In addition, functional properties of fish protein hydrolysates are described, including solubility, water-holding capacity, emulsification, and foam-forming ability. Possible applications of fish protein hydrolysates in food systems are provided, and comparison with other food protein hydrolysates where pertinent.

Emulsion-based delivery systems for lipophilic bioactive components.

Abstract: There is a pressing need for edible delivery systems to encapsulate, protect, and release bioactive lipids within the food, medical, and pharmaceutical industries. The fact that these delivery systems must be edible puts constraints on the type of ingredients and processing operations that can be used to create them. Emulsion technology is particularly suited for the design and fabrication of delivery systems for encapsulating bioactive lipids. This review provides a brief overview of the major bioactive lipids that need to be delivered within the food industry (for example, ω-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and phytosterols), highlighting the main challenges to their current incorporation into foods. We then provide an overview of a number of emulsion-based technologies that could be used as edible delivery systems by the food and other industries, including conventional emulsions, multiple emulsions, multilayer emulsions, solid lipid particles, and filled hydrogel particles. Each of these delivery systems could be produced from food-grade (GRAS) ingredients (for example, lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, surfactants, and minerals) using simple processing operations (for example, mixing, homogenizing, and thermal processing). For each type of delivery system, we describe its structure, preparation, advantages, limitations, and potential applications. This knowledge can be used to facilitate the selection of the most appropriate emulsion-based delivery system for specific applications.