Author
John R. Hendon
Bio: John R. Hendon is an academic researcher from University of Arkansas at Little Rock. The author has contributed to research in topics: Small business & Value-added tax. The author has an hindex of 4, co-authored 6 publications receiving 23 citations.
Papers
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the implementation and perceived effectiveness of tax credit programs in 20 states, including Hawaii, Louisiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Oregon, and Vermont, and reveal that state investment tax credits vary widely in areas of eligibility, level of funding available per investment and per year, and whether or not the credits are refundable.
Abstract: Purpose – Over the past decade more than 20 states have begun to offer tax credits to angel investors in an attempt to increase state economic growth. These credits are intended to increase new venture investment, create high‐paying and knowledge‐based jobs, and increase tax revenue collections, but there is some debate over costs and benefits associated with these credits. This paper aims to investigate this issue.Design/methodology/approach – This paper will examine the implementation and perceived effectiveness of tax credit programs in Hawaii, Louisiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Oregon, and Vermont. These states were chosen for this research sample based on their differing physical locations within the USA and the uniqueness of the characteristics of each state's chosen tax credit program.Findings – The paper reveals that state investment tax credit programs vary widely in areas of eligibility, level of funding available per investment and per year, and whether or not the credits are refundable. All of t...
10 citations
28 Oct 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the effectiveness of angel investment tax credit programs and found that the tax credits increased entrepreneurial activity on a state level, and the Kauffman Entrepreneurial Activity Index (KEIA) was used as an outcome to measure the initial statewide impact of the introduction of angel tax credits.
Abstract: Many states are issuing tax credits for qualifying angel investments in order to encourage economic growth and development. While this policy makes intuitive sense, there has been no systematic evaluation of the outcomes of these programs. This study is a first step toward empirically examining the effectiveness of angel investment tax credit programs. We utilize the Kauffman Entrepreneurial Activity Index as an outcome to measure the initial statewide impact of the introduction of angel tax credit programs. Initial results support the introduction of angel tax credit programs does increase entrepreneurial activity on a state level.
5 citations
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TL;DR: The role of advertising in the course of entrepreneurial ventures is largely misunderstood by many academicians, practitioners and small business planners as mentioned in this paper. Yet without a proper understanding of how entrepreneurs and small-business owners view and use advertising, those who seek to study this area as well as those whose role in society is to advise and guide those working to develop their own enterprises are navigating without a compass.
Abstract: The role of advertising in the course of entrepreneurial ventures is largely misunderstood by many academicians, practitioners and small business planners. Yet without a proper understanding of how entrepreneurs and small business owners view and use advertising, those who seek to study this area as well as those whose role in society is to advise and guide those working to develop their own enterprises are navigating without a compass. This study seeks to address how small business owners in a mid-sized metropolitan area in a largely rural state view and use advertising in their ventures. By utilizing Internet-based surveys the researchers in this project seek to develop a greater understanding of how entrepreneurs and small business owners develop messages, understand target audiences and whether or not advertising is seen as a successful part of their businesses. INTRODUCTION Entrepreneurship and Advertising are fields rich in theoretical research, case studies and other forms of scholarship, yet surprisingly little work exists in how these two areas are combined. In order to understand how advertising and entrepreneurship work together one must review literature in separate areas and consider the inclusion of research in retailing, marketing and other related disciplines. In a 2003 study about advertising and marketing behaviors in small business firms, Harris and Reece found that much literature exists regarding competitive advantage. Yet, despite the wealth of knowledge on this topic, it was "not clear whether small businesses are engaging in marketing and advertising planning" (Harris and Reece, 2003). A study in the Journal of Small Business Management found that in fact very little planning of any kind goes into small business activities, yet those who do some amount of planning are less likely to fail (Perry, 2001). For small businesses to succeed some marketing activities must take place. Small firms can gain advantage over the obstacles to success through the use of appropriate planning activities (Harris and Reece, 2003). One potential reason for the reluctance of some small business owners to engage in any type of advertising may be the perception that advertising clutter could negatively impact their businesses. Ha and Litman found that while there was in fact a negative correlation with advertising clutter the effects were limited to certain vehicles within distinctive advertising media (Ha and Litman, 1997). Other studies (e.g. Lohse, 1997) suggest that the way ads are designed will impact how consumers pay attention to them. Yet one thing is abundantly clear: businesses that fail to engage in some form of marketing to promote their businesses will eventually fail. While some entrepreneurs may feel that money spent on advertising is wasted, evidence shows that consumers often value advertising that is believable, credible and ethical (Ducoffe, 1995). Given that many entrepreneurs are ethical individuals who wish only to succeed in their business ventures, advertising that is seen as good (believable, credible and ethical) would seem to be an important element in small business strategy. One growing enterprise among entrepreneurs is in the area of service retailing. Given the number of individuals starting businesses that offer services over goods, advertising will be an essential key to the success of those types of businesses. In their 1995 study Stafford and Day found that advertising which is both informative and rational works best for service retail firms; but how many business owners specializing in this area are aware of this? Many experts acknowledge the fact that the greatest marketing challenge facing small business owners is limited resources for effective advertising (Lipput, 1995; Harris and Reece, 2003). Other experts (e.g. McCarthy, 1999) suggest that effectively written and placed advertisements will have a positive effect on business growth. …
4 citations
31 Jul 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the results of a statistical analysis of gender differences identified from a recent survey analyzing financing options for small businesses, owners attitudes toward different financing options, and real or perceived difficulties encountered in gaining financing for growth.
Abstract: This paper discusses the results of a statistical analysis of gender differences identified from a recent survey analyzing financing options for small businesses, owners attitudes toward different financing options, and real or perceived difficulties encountered in gaining financing for growth. The survey instrument was designed to address two primary aspects of financing within small businesses – availability/use of outside debt or equity funds, and owner attitudes toward various funding options. The instrument was administered to businesses in the Arkansas Small Business and Technology Development Center (ASBTDC) data base. Selected results of the statistical analysis will be presented in this paper.
4 citations
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the results of a recent survey analyzing financing options for small businesses, owners attitudes toward different financing options, and difficulties encountered in gaining such financing for growth.
Abstract: In this paper, the authors will discuss the results of a recent survey analyzing financing options for small businesses, owners attitudes toward different financing options, and difficulties encountered in gaining such financing for growth. This study sought to address two primary aspects of financing within small businesses – availability/use of outside debt or equity funds, and owner attitudes toward various funding options. The survey instrument was administered to businesses in the Arkansas Small Business Development Center (ASBDC) data base. Selected results from the survey will be presented in this paper.
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01 May 2017
TL;DR: Aneja et al. as mentioned in this paper studied the effects of digitalization on gender equality in the G20 economies and found that digitalization had a negative effect on women's empowerment.
Abstract: Urvashi Aneja; Susan Coleman; Vidisha Mishra; Alicia RobbMay, 2017The effects of digitalization on gender equality in the G20 economies,Report,[Kiel, Germany]Women20,167
30 citations
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TL;DR: Advertising is embraced by companies as a means of building awareness, sales, and customer loyalty as mentioned in this paper. However, in recent years advertising has changed. Digital marketing and social media marketing ha...
Abstract: Advertising is embraced by companies as a means of building awareness, sales, and customer loyalty. However, in recent years advertising has changed. Digital marketing and social media marketing ha...
28 citations
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TL;DR: The authors examined the positioning of gender within women-focused capital funds to consider the extent to which these digitally enabled sources of finance reflect the tenets of entrepreneurial feminism, and found that a minority of WFCFs examined sought to enhance equity and counter structural barriers associated with women entrepreneurs' access to financial capital.
Abstract: This paper examines the positioning of gender within women-focused capital funds (WFCFs) to consider the extent to which these digitally enabled sources of finance reflect the tenets of entrepreneurial feminism. Content analysis of 27 funds situated in Canada and the USA informs about fund mandates, rationales, types of capital, and anticipated outcomes. Our findings reveal that a minority of WFCFs examined sought to enhance equity and counter structural barriers associated with women entrepreneurs’ access to financial capital. Alternatively, the majority of WFCFs were positioned as vehicles to facilitate individual wealth creation. Eligibility ranged from multiple gender identities of the business owner to “women-led” businesses—defined as at least one woman executive, board or steering committee member. The latter of these criteria has the effect of diverting attention away from firms that are launched by women entrepreneurs. Pinkwashing was more likely to occur when WFCFs were created as add-ons to mainstream programs and services, rather than as a central element of the organization’s mission of supporting women and non-binary femmes. The findings support arguments that technology can both challenge or reinforce structural constraints that impede women entrepreneurs in the digital era.
19 citations
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TL;DR: Tax incentive schemes to investors and companies in crowdfunding have been proposed in some European countries as mentioned in this paper, which could be seen as a tool to reduce the system's dependence on banks and increase the...
Abstract: Some European countries offer tax incentive schemes to investors and companies in crowdfunding. On one hand, they could be seen as a tool to reduce the system’s dependence on banks and increase the...
15 citations
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TL;DR: This article found that the R&D tax credit is associated with a significant long-term impact on both the overall quantity and quality-adjusted quantity of entrepreneurship, with the bulk of the effect materializing more than five years after the policy is enacted.
Abstract: The acceleration of start-up activity is often cited as a rationale for the R&D tax credit, a key innovation policy instrument adopted increasingly by US states over the past quarter century. While there is a strong empirical base linking the R&D tax credit to increased R&D expenditures and innovation, prior work has not provided causal evidence that this policy effects the rate of formation and growth potential of new businesses. This paper combines data from the US Startup Cartography Project with the Panel Database on Incentives and Taxes to implement a difference-in-differences estimate of the impact of the R&D tax credit on the quantity and quality-adjusted quantity of entrepreneurship. Our key finding is that the R&D tax credit is associated with a significant long-term impact on both the overall quantity and quality-adjusted quantity of entrepreneurship, with the bulk of the effect materializing more than five years after the policy is enacted. These findings stand in contrast to an analysis of the adoption of state-level investment tax credits. There, we observe no long-term impact on the quantity of entrepreneurship but a marked decline in the rate of formation of growth-oriented startups over time. Combined with other evidence regarding the efficacy of R&D tax credits in spurring innovative investment, our results shed light on the potential for this fiscal policy to also stimulate the formation of growth-oriented start-ups.
Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.
14 citations