This paper summarizes the state of the art in connected vehicles—from the need for vehicle data and applications thereof, to enabling technologies, challenges, and identified opportunities. Connectivity is increasing around the world and its expansion to vehicles is no exception. With improvements in connectivity, sensing, and computation, the future will see vehicles used as development platforms capable of generating rich data, acting based on inference, and effecting great change in transportation, the human-vehicle dynamic, the environment, and the economy. Connected vehicle technologies have already been used to improve fleet safety and efficiency, with emerging technologies additionally allowing data to be used to inform aspects of vehicle design, ownership, and use. While the demand for connected vehicles and its enabling technology has progressed significantly in recent years, there remain challenges to connected and collaborative vehicle application deployment before the full potential of connected cars may be realized. From extensibility and scalability to privacy and security, this paper informs the reader about key enabling technologies, opportunities, and challenges in the connected vehicle landscape.

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A Survey of the Connected Vehicle Landscape—Architectures, Enabling Technologies, Applications, and Development Areas

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are seen as the key enabling technology of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). In addition to safety, VANETs also provide a cost-effective platform for numerous comfort and entertainment applications. A pragmatic solution of VANETs requires synergistic efforts in multidisciplinary areas of communication standards, routings, security and trust. Furthermore, a realistic VANET simulator is required for performance evaluation. There have been many research efforts in these areas, and consequently, a number of surveys have been published on various aspects. In this article, we first explain the key characteristics of VANETs, then provide a meta-survey of research works. We take a tutorial approach to introducing VANETs and gradually discuss intricate details. Extensive listings of existing surveys and research projects have been provided to assess development efforts. The article is useful for researchers to look at the big picture and channel their efforts in an effective way.

How Close are We to Realizing a Pragmatic VANET Solution? A Meta-Survey

This paper proposes a novel three-dimensional (3D) theoretical regular-shaped geometry-based stochastic model (RS-GBSM) and the corresponding sum-of-sinusoids (SoS) simulation model for non-isotropic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) Ricean fading channels. The proposed RS-GBSM, combining line-of-sight (LoS) components, a two-sphere model, and an elliptic-cylinder model, has the ability to study the impact of the vehicular traffic density (VTD) on channel statistics, and jointly considers the azimuth and elevation angles by using the von Mises Fisher distribution. Moreover, a novel parameter computation method is proposed for jointly calculating the azimuth and elevation angles in the SoS channel simulator. Based on the proposed 3D theoretical RS-GBSM and its SoS simulation model, statistical properties are derived and thoroughly investigated. The impact of the elevation angle in the 3D model on key statistical properties is investigated by comparing with those of the corresponding two-dimensional (2D) model. It is demonstrated that the 3D model is more accurate to characterize real V2V channels, in particular for pico cell scenarios. Finally, close agreement is achieved between the theoretical model, SoS simulation model, and simulation results, demonstrating the utility of the proposed models.

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Novel 3D Geometry-Based Stochastic Models for Non-Isotropic MIMO Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channels

Unpredictable and heterogeneous links in a wireless sensor network require techniques to avoid low delivery rate and high delivery cost. Three commonly used techniques to help discover high quality paths include (1) link-layer retransmission, (2) blacklisting bad links, and (3) end-to-end routing metrics. Using simulation and testbed experiments, we present the rst systematic exploration of the tradeoffs of combinations of these approaches, quantifying the effects of each of these three techniques. We identify several key results: One is that per-hop retransmissions (ARQ) is a necessary addition to any other mechanism if reliable data delivery is a goal. Additional interactions between the services are more subtle. First, in a multihop network, either blacklisting or reliability metrics like ETX can provide consistent high-reliability paths when added to ARQ. Second, at higher deployment densities, blacklisting has a lower routing overhead than ETX. But at lower densities, blacklisting becomes less stable as the network partitions. These results are consistent across both simulation and testbed experiments. We conclude that ETX with retransmissions is the best choice in general, but that blacklisting may be worth considering at higher densities, either with or without ETX.

Interaction of Retransmission, Blacklisting, and Routing Metrics for Reliability in Sensor Network Routing

Bee life-based multi constraints multicast routing optimization for vehicular ad hoc networks

Most Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) network protocols are evaluated by simulation. However in most network simulators, the physical layer suffers from a lack of realism. Therefore, realistic V2V channel modeling has become a crucial issue in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) networks. V2V channels are known to exhibit specific features which imply the design of new simulation models. In this survey paper, we first recall the main physical features of such wireless time and frequency dispersive channels. Next, three “simulation-ready” V2V channel models found in the literature are reviewed. Finally, two complete VANET simulation frameworks are presented. They illustrate the importance of a realistic channel and physical layer modeling in vehicular networking.

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A survey of V2V channel modeling for VANET simulations

In this paper we evaluate V-AODV a version of AODV (Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector) especially created for Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) V-AODV is designed to run with a complex cross layered metric based on both delay from node to node and Bit Error Rate (BER) coming from the physical layer We conducted simulations with the NS2 simulator taking in account a realistic environment tool called Communication Ray Tracer (CRT) Our results show that the basic propagation models usually in use with NS2 are not suitable for VANETs simulations We also show that when using a routing metric based on delay and BER, the first parameter is more relevant in terms of QoS than the second one

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00476738/document

An enhanced AODV protocol for VANETs with realistic radio propagation model validation

Obstacle avoidance requires three main levels in autonomous vehicles, namely, perception, path planning and guidance control. In this paper, a global architecture is proposed by taking into account the link between the three levels. On the environment perception level, an evidential occupancy-grid-based approach is used for dynamic obstacle detection. The poses of objects are therefore considered for trajectory generation. The latter is based on a smooth trajectory sigmoid function. Finally, the control guidance employs this obstacle avoidance trajectory to generate the appropriate steering angle. The whole strategy is validated on our experimental test car. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Obstacle Avoidance, Path Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles.

Obstacle Avoidance, Path Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) is a commonly used routing protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANET) This paper presents and analyzes several AODV enhancements propositions dedicated to the VANET context Communication protocol tuning can yield significant gains in energy efficiency, resource requirement, and overall network performance, all of which is of particular importance in VANETs Alternatively, multipath routing allows the establishment of multiple paths between a pair of source and destination nodes in mobile ad hoc networks It has recently received more and more attention and is typically proposed to increase the reliability of data transmission This paper shows how AODV tuning and multipath routing behave under realistic VANET simulations

Jonathan Ledy

Papers

A survey of V2V channel modeling for VANET simulations

An enhanced AODV protocol for VANETs with realistic radio propagation model validation

Obstacle Avoidance, Path Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles.

Obstacle Avoidance, Path Planning and Control for Autonomous Vehicles

AODV enhancements in a realistic VANET context