This review surveys an emergent methodological trend in anthropological research that concerns the adaptation of long-standing modes of ethnographic practices to more complex objects of study. Ethnography moves from its conventional single-site location, contextualized by macro-constructions of a larger social order, such as the capitalist world system, to multiple sites of observation and participation that cross-cut dichotomies such as the “local” and the “global,” the “lifeworld” and the “system.” Resulting ethnographies are therefore both in and out of the world system. The anxieties to which this methodological shift gives rise are considered in terms of testing the limits of ethnography, attenuating the power of fieldwork, and losing the perspective of the subaltern. The emergence of multi-sited ethnography is located within new spheres of interdisciplinary work, including media studies, science and technology studies, and cultural studies broadly. Several “tracking” strategies that shape multi-site...

http://anthro.vancouver.wsu.edu/media/Course_files/anth-490-edward-h-hagen/marcus-1995-ethnography-in-of-the-world-system_the-emergence-of-multi-sited-ethnography.pdf

Ethnography in/of the World System: The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography

The author develops “netnography” as an online marketing research technique for providing consumer insight. Netnography is ethnography adapted to the study of online communities. As a method, netnography is faster, simpler, and less expensive than traditional ethnography and more naturalistic and unobtrusive than focus groups or interviews. It provides information on the symbolism, meanings, and consumption patterns of online consumer groups. The author provides guidelines that acknowledge the online environment, respect the inherent flexibility and openness of ethnography, and provide rigor and ethics in the conduct of marketing research. As an illustrative example, the author provides a netnography of an online coffee newsgroup and discusses its marketing implications.

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The Field Behind the Screen: Using Netnography for Marketing Research in Online Communities

The Study of Man. By Michael Polanyi. Price, $1.75. Pp. 102. University of Chicago Press, 5750 Ellis Ave., Chicago 37, 1959. One subtitle to Polanyi's challenging and fascinating book might be The Evolution and Natural History of Error , for Polanyi is at pains to expunge what he believes to be the false notion contained in the contemporary view of science which treats it as an object and basically impersonal discipline. According to Polanyi not only is this a radical and important error, but it is harmful to the objectives of science itself. Another subtitle could be Farewell to Detachment , for in place of cold objectivity he develops the idea that science is necessarily intensely personal. It is a human endeavor and human point of view which cannot be divorced from nor uprooted out of the human matrix from which it arises and in which it works. For a good while

Personal Knowledge: Towards a Post-Critical Philosophy

Distinguishing four sources of power in human societies – ideological, economic, military and political – The Sources of Social Power traces their interrelations throughout human history In this first volume, Michael Mann examines interrelations between these elements from neolithic times, through ancient Near Eastern civilizations, the classical Mediterranean age and medieval Europe, up to just before the Industrial Revolution in England It offers explanations of the emergence of the state and social stratification; of city-states, militaristic empires and the persistent interaction between them; of the world salvation religions; and of the particular dynamism of medieval and early modern Europe It ends by generalizing about the nature of overall social development, the varying forms of social cohesion and the role of classes and class struggle in history First published in 1986, this new edition of Volume 1 includes a new preface by the author examining the impact and legacy of the work

The sources of social power

The term "access" is frequently used by property and natural resource analysts without adequate definition. In this paper we develop a concept of access and examine a broad set of factors that differentiate access from property. We define access as "the ability to derive benefits from things," broadening from property's clas- sical definition as "the right to benefit from things." Access, following this definition, is more akin to "a bundle of powers" than to property's notion of a "bundle of rights." This formulation includes a wider range of social relationships that constrain or enable benefits from resource use than property relations alone. Using this fram- ing, we suggest a method of access analysis for identifying the constellations of means, relations, and processes that enable various actors to derive benefits from re- sources. Our intent is to enable scholars, planners, and policy makers to empirically "map" dynamic processes and relationships of access.

A Theory of Access.

1. Introduction: money and the morality of exchange Jonathan Parry and Maurice Bloch 2. Misconceiving the grain heap: a critique of the concept of the Indian jajmani system C. J. Fuller 3. On the moral perils of exchange Jonathan Parry 4. Money, men and women R. L. Stirrat 5. Cooking money: gender and the symbolic transformation of means of exchange in a Malay fishing community Janet Carsten 6. Drinking cash: the purification of money through ceremonial exchange in Fiji C. Toren 7. The symbolism of money in Imerina Maurice Block 8. Resistance to the present by the past: mediums and money in Zimbabwe D. Lan 9. Precious metals in the Andean economy M. J. Sallnow 10. The earth and the state: the sources and meanings of money in Northern Potosi, Bolivia Olivia Harris.

Money and the morality of exchange

Introduction This volume focuses on the significance of symbols of fertility and rebirth in funeral rituals, though all the contributors have found it impossible to exclude consideration of many other aspects of the treatment of death which are related to this central theme. While it would take us too far from our central concerns to embark on a systematic historical review of the various ways in which our problem has been approached in the literature of anthropology and related disciplines, a few preliminary remarks may help to place the collection in relation to some of its direct predecessors. The observation that notions of fertility and sexuality often have a considerable prominence in funeral practices excited the attention of anthropologists and their public from the very beginning of the discipline. The Swiss anthropologist Bachofen was one of the first to pay any systematic attention to the topic in his Versuch uber Graber symbolik der Alten which was published in 1859 and parts of which have been translated into English under the title ‘An essay on ancient mortuary symbolism’ (in Myth, religion and mother right , Bachofen, 1967). His study was principally concerned with Greek and Roman symbolism, particularly as manifested in the Dionysian and Orphic mystery cults, and its starting point was the significance of eggs as symbols of fertility and femininity in some Roman tombs and in funerary games. The eggs were painted half-black and half-white, representing the passage of night and day and the rebirth of life after death.

Introduction: death and the regeneration of life

Introduction Part I. Death and the City: 1. Through 'divine eyes' 2. A profane perspective Part II. Death as a Living: 3. Shares and chicanery 4. Giving, receiving and bargaining over gifts Part III. Death into Birth: 5. The last sacrifice 6. Ghosts into ancestors 7. Spirit possession as 'superstition' Part IV. The End of Death: 8. Asceticism and the conquest of death.

Death in Banaras

Caste and Kinship in Kangra

Part 1: Inter-caste relations1. Introduction: the axiom and idiom of inequality2. The setting3. The economy4. The hierarchical aspects of castePart 2: The internal structure of the caste5. Clans and their segments6. Households and their partition7. Rajput hypergamy in an historical perspective8. The 'biradari' reform movement9. Marriage strategies10. Affines and consanguines11. Conclusion: The limits of hierarchy

Jonathan Parry

Papers

Money and the morality of exchange

Introduction: death and the regeneration of life

Death in Banaras

Caste and Kinship in Kangra

Caste and Kinship in Kangra