Network slicing has been identified as the backbone of the rapidly evolving 5G technology. However, as its consolidation and standardization progress, there are no literatures that comprehensively discuss its key principles, enablers, and research challenges. This paper elaborates network slicing from an end-to-end perspective detailing its historical heritage, principal concepts, enabling technologies and solutions as well as the current standardization efforts. In particular, it overviews the diverse use cases and network requirements of network slicing, the pre-slicing era, considering RAN sharing as well as the end-to-end orchestration and management, encompassing the radio access, transport network and the core network. This paper also provides details of specific slicing solutions for each part of the 5G system. Finally, this paper identifies a number of open research challenges and provides recommendations toward potential solutions.

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Network Slicing and Softwarization: A Survey on Principles, Enabling Technologies, and Solutions

Social Internet of Things (SIoT) is a new paradigm where Internet of Things (IoT) merges with social networks, allowing people and devices to interact, and facilitating information sharing. However, security and privacy issues are a great challenge for IoT but they are also enabling factors to create a “trust ecosystem.” In fact, the intrinsic vulnerabilities of IoT devices, with limited resources and heterogeneous technologies, together with the lack of specifically designed IoT standards, represent a fertile ground for the expansion of specific cyber threats. In this paper, we try to bring order on the IoT security panorama providing a taxonomic analysis from the perspective of the three main key layers of the IoT system model: 1) perception; 2) transportation; and 3) application levels. As a result of the analysis, we will highlight the most critical issues with the aim of guiding future research directions.

Evaluating Critical Security Issues of the IoT World: Present and Future Challenges

A Comprehensive Survey on Attacks, Security Issues and Blockchain Solutions for IoT and IIoT

Effects of drugs on clinical laboratory tests

The security issue impacting the Internet-of-Things (IoT) paradigm has recently attracted significant attention from the research community. To this end, several surveys were put forward addressing various IoT-centric topics, including intrusion detection systems, threat modeling, and emerging technologies. In contrast, in this paper, we exclusively focus on the ever-evolving IoT vulnerabilities. In this context, we initially provide a comprehensive classification of state-of-the-art surveys, which address various dimensions of the IoT paradigm. This aims at facilitating IoT research endeavors by amalgamating, comparing, and contrasting dispersed research contributions. Subsequently, we provide a unique taxonomy, which sheds the light on IoT vulnerabilities, their attack vectors, impacts on numerous security objectives, attacks which exploit such vulnerabilities, corresponding remediation methodologies and currently offered operational cyber security capabilities to infer and monitor such weaknesses. This aims at providing the reader with a multidimensional research perspective related to IoT vulnerabilities, including their technical details and consequences, which is postulated to be leveraged for remediation objectives. Additionally, motivated by the lack of empirical (and malicious) data related to the IoT paradigm, this paper also presents a first look on Internet-scale IoT exploitations by drawing upon more than 1.2 GB of macroscopic, passive measurements’ data. This aims at practically highlighting the severity of the IoT problem, while providing operational situational awareness capabilities, which undoubtedly would aid in the mitigation task, at large. Insightful findings, inferences and outcomes in addition to open challenges and research problems are also disclosed in this paper, which we hope would pave the way for future research endeavors addressing theoretical and empirical aspects related to the imperative topic of IoT security.

Demystifying IoT Security: An Exhaustive Survey on IoT Vulnerabilities and a First Empirical Look on Internet-Scale IoT Exploitations

Wireless Sensor Networks are an emerging technology which has been recently adopted in many applications. Due to its wireless nature, the analysis of the radio propagation models plays an important role for performance evaluation in both theoretical and practical aspects. In this regards, path loss exponent is one of the most important parameter which has been considered widely in wireless communications analysis. There are several theoretical evaluations of path loss exponent for wireless sensor networks available in the literature. However there is a lack of experimental evaluation of both path loss exponent and the effect of shadowing. In this paper, three environments (free space, in building and industrial), where wireless sensor nodes are widely deployed, have been chosen in order to evaluate the experimental analysis. Path loss and path loss exponent are measured by means of Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and based on them, the standard deviation of shadowing effect is also calculated. All the measured parameters are compared with the theoretical analysis available in the literatures.

Path loss exponent analysis in Wireless Sensor Networks: Experimental evaluation

Nowadays, and more than a decade after the first steps towards autonomous driving, we keep heading to achieve fully autonomous vehicles on our roads, with LiDAR sensors being a key instrument for the success of this technology. Such advances trigger the emergence of new players in the automotive industry, and along with car manufacturers, this sector represents a multibillion-dollar market where everyone wants to take a share. To understand recent advances and technologies behind LiDAR, this article presents a survey on LiDAR sensors for the automotive industry. With this work, we show the measurement principles and imaging techniques currently being used, going through a review of commercial systems and development solutions available in the market today. Furthermore, we highlight the current and future challenges, providing insights on how both research and industry can step towards better LiDAR solutions.

Automotive LiDAR Technology: A Survey

With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), security has emerged as a major design goal for smart connected devices. This explosion in connectivity created a larger attack surface area. Software-based approaches have been applied for security purposes; however, these methods must be extended with security-oriented technologies that promote hardware as the root of trust. The ARM TrustZone can enable trusted execution environments (TEEs), but existing solutions disregard real-time needs. Here, the authors demonstrate why TrustZone is becoming a reference technology for securing IoT edge devices, and how enhanced TEEs can help meet industrial IoT applications real-time requirements.

IIoTEED: An Enhanced, Trusted Execution Environment for Industrial IoT Edge Devices

In a world with an accelerated population aging, there is an increasingly interest in developing solutions for the elderly living assistance. The Internet of Things is a new reality that is completely changing our everyday life, and promises to revolutionize modern healthcare by enabling a more personalized, preventive and collaborative form of care. Aiming to combine these two important topics, this work presents an IoT-ready solution for the elderly living assistance which is able to monitor and register patients vital information as well as to provide mechanisms to trigger alarms in emergency situations. Its effective low-power/low-cost and wireless characteristics turns this solution suitable to be used anywhere and by anyone, in a discrete and comfortable wristband. Experiments demonstrated a good system performance for the implemented functionalities, and regarding the autonomy we obtained an average battery lifetime of 306 hours (around 12 days). For the working range, the system have proved to perform well within a range of 60 meters before the out-of-range warning being triggered.

We-care: An IoT-based health care system for elderly people

Over the past few years, the gap between field-programmable gate array (FPGA) and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) performance levels has been narrowed due to the constant development of FPGA technology. The high performance, together with the lower development costs and a shorter time to market, turns FPGA-based platforms attractive for a huge range of applications, among them time-to-digital converters (TDCs). It is, therefore, important to analyze the evolution of FPGA-based TDCs to better understand where the research efforts should be focused in the near future. This article presents and discusses the improvements on the FPGA-based TDC research, aiming to be a starting point for new studies on this field, with some guidelines for future research. A state-of-the-art literature review on the FPGA-based TDC is presented, aiming to categorize and discuss the existing architectures. This discussion addresses architectures’ characteristics, limitations, and areas of application.

Jorge Cabral

Papers

Path loss exponent analysis in Wireless Sensor Networks: Experimental evaluation

Automotive LiDAR Technology: A Survey

IIoTEED: An Enhanced, Trusted Execution Environment for Industrial IoT Edge Devices

We-care: An IoT-based health care system for elderly people

Recent Developments and Challenges in FPGA-Based Time-to-Digital Converters