Background: A large proportion of global increase in thyroid cancer (TC) incidence has been attributed to increased detection of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Nonetheless, some reports support a real increase in incidence. This study aimed to perform a systematic review to evaluate the changing trends in TC incidence and summarize potential risk factors predisposing to this trend. Methods: Literature published in the English language between 1980 and August 2014 was searched via PubMed (MEDLINE) and OvidSP (EMBASE). Original studies on changes in TC incidence in defined geographic areas that described clear methods of case selection and population estimates were included. Data on incidence rates and risk factors were collected. Results: Of 4719 manuscripts, 60 studies were included, of which 31 were from Europe, 13 from North America, and the rest from Asia (n = 9), Oceania (n = 4), and South America (n = 3). Fifty-three articles reported a significant increase in incidence (highest was a 10-fold increa...

Systematic Review of Trends in the Incidence Rates of Thyroid Cancer

Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms

The incidence of thyroid cancer is on the rise, and this disease is projected to become the fourth leading type of cancer across the globe. From 1990 to 2013, the global age-standardized incidence rate of thyroid cancer increased by 20%. This global rise in incidence has been attributed to several factors, including increased detection of early tumours, the elevated prevalence of modifiable individual risk factors (for example, obesity) and increased exposure to environmental risk factors (for example, iodine levels). In this Review, we explore proven and novel hypotheses for how modifiable risk factors and environmental exposures might be driving the worldwide increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer. Although overscreening and the increased diagnosis of possibly clinically insignificant disease might have a role in certain parts of the world, other areas could be experiencing a true increase in incidence due to elevated exposure risks. In the current era of personalized medicine, national and international registry data should be applied to identify populations who are at increased risk for the development of thyroid cancer.

Geographic influences in the global rise of thyroid cancer.

Thyroid cancer incidence trends by histology in 25 countries: a population-based study.

Health impacts of low-dose ionizing radiation are significant in important fields such as X-ray imaging, radiation therapy, nuclear power, and others However, all existing and potential applications are currently challenged by public concerns and regulatory restrictions We aimed to assess the validity of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model of radiation damage, which is the basis of current regulation, and to assess the justification for this regulation We have conducted an extensive search in PubMed Special attention has been given to papers cited in comprehensive reviews of the United States (2006) and French (2005) Academies of Sciences and in the United Nations Scientific Committee on Atomic Radiation 2016 report Epidemiological data provide essentially no evidence for detrimental health effects below 100 mSv, and several studies suggest beneficial (hormetic) effects Equally significant, many studies with in vitro and in animal models demonstrate that several mechanisms initiated by low-dose radiation have beneficial effects Overall, although probably not yet proven to be untrue, LNT has certainly not been proven to be true At this point, taking into account the high price tag (in both economic and human terms) borne by the LNT-inspired regulation, there is little doubt that the present regulatory burden should be reduced

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1559325818796331

Health Impacts of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation: Current Scientific Debates and Regulatory Issues.

Thyroglossal duct or cyst carcinoma (TGDCCa) is uncommon. Current treatments follow those of thyroid cancer but controversy exists over the extent of thyroid and lymph node surgery. Our aim was to study the presentation, treatment strategies and clinical outcomes in patients presenting with TGDCCa. Of 637 patients diagnosed with thyroid cancer over 15-years, 4 patients (0.6 %) with TGDCCa were identified. Two patients were diagnosed outside this time period. Details of demographics, presentation, diagnosis, management and outcomes of all 6 patients were reviewed. 5 females and 1 male with a median (range) age of 41 (21–70) years were treated for TGDCCa. Five patients were diagnosed after initial surgery for thyroglossal cyst—cyst excision (n = 2) and Sistrunk’s procedure (n = 3). This was followed by a total thyroidectomy (TT) in 4 of these patients. One patient underwent Sistrunk’s operation, total thyroidectomy and central neck dissection at the first operation. I131 therapy was used in patients who had TT. Three patients had additional tumour foci in the thyroid. However, lymph node recurrence occurred in 2 patients at 6 and 16 months. At a median follow up of 55 months, all 6 patients were disease free. All patients had papillary TGDCCa and did well with conventional treatment as for thyroid cancer. The extent of treatment required is debatable as half the patients had additional thyroid foci and no patient had clinically or radiologically involved lymph nodes at presentation. A systematic review of published cases will help summarise the existing knowledge base.

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Joseph J Wiltshire

Papers

Systematic Review of Trends in the Incidence Rates of Thyroid Cancer

Adult Thyroglossal Duct Carcinoma of Thyroid Epithelial Origin: A Retrospective Observational Study

'Diagnostic radiography and thyroid cancer' - causation or simply an association?