The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

Über die Adsorption in Lösungen

Plant biomass are woody and non-wood materials (e.g., oil palm, bamboo, rattan, bagasse, and kenaf) and are abundant and renewable resource. Unfortunately, the heavy reliance on this resource is a threat to forest ecosystems and a recipe for accelerated land resource degradation. Due to the increasing scarcity of wood resources, many rural communities have shifted to utilization of crop residues for many different applications. The non-wood biomass is readily available, environmental friendly, and technologically suitable, and therefore, an excellent raw material for the future. The non-wood materials like bamboo, rattan, oil palm, and bagasse have superior properties and durability, which can be further prolonged by the modifi cation treatment. The modifi cation treatments increase the performance of the non-wood and could make it suitable for applications in many fi elds ranging from construction industry to automotive industry. This chapter deals with the properties improvement techniques of the selected non-wood biomasses and evaluates its applications for various purposes. The new developments dealing with the improvement of non-wood properties have also been presented in the chapter. The performance of non-wood biomass materials has been compared to the wood-based materials. Recent studies pertaining to the above topics have also been cited. Finally, the advanced applications of the improved non-wood biomasses have been highlighted.

Biomass and bioenergy

Hepatitis A virus.

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Design And Control Of Concrete Mixtures

Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites play important roles in the production of eco-friendly materials because of their high modulus, meticulous strength and reduced carbon footprint on the environment. Coconut (cocos nucifera) is cultivated extensively in tropical countries for its fruits whereas the husks and shells are mostly disposed as waste. These portions of the coconut plant serve as potential resource for natural fibers which are used to reinforce polymer composites. This work gives an overview of current knowledge of coir fiber and coir fiber reinforced polymer composites. The preparation and production of different matrices reinforced with coir fibers and the mechanical structural and thermal properties of these composites have been studied by several researchers and are elucidated in this review. The major treatment techniques used to modify coir fibers were also discussed.

A review of coir fiber reinforced polymer composites

Adsorption of Ciprofloxacin from Water: A Comprehensive Review

Removal of ibuprofen from aqueous media by adsorption: A comprehensive review.

In recent years, research focus has been shifting towards the development of environmentally friendly systems for the removal of pollutants from effluents. The use of green adsorbents from tree leaves is a key research domain in this regard. In this empirical review, plant leaves biosorption studies within the last two decades were considered. The numerous source plants, preparation and modification techniques and adsorbent improvement findings were elucidated. The basic steps of preparation were found to be similar for most studies and it involves pre-cleaning, drying, grinding and sieving. In some studies, further chemical modification was conducted. Comprehensive catalogues of empirical findings were presented for removal efficiency, adsorption capacity, factor optimal, equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic studies. In these areas, a variety of findings were deduced by researchers with the peculiarity of obtained results being consequent on the type and nature of the pollutant and plant precursor. The desorption methodology and reusability potential was also considered and key knowledge gaps elucidated. Real wastewater treatment, pilot and full-scale applications, column studies, disposal and treatment ways of the exhausted adsorbents are fallow areas needing more extensive exploration. It can be surmised that plant leaves are excellent, eco-friendly, cost-effective and easy-to-prepare precursors for the development of biosorbents effective in removing heavy metals, dyes, cations and other chemical species from aqueous solutions.

Joshua O. Ighalo

Papers

A review of coir fiber reinforced polymer composites

Adsorption of Ciprofloxacin from Water: A Comprehensive Review

Removal of ibuprofen from aqueous media by adsorption: A comprehensive review.

Biosorption of pollutants by plant leaves: An empirical review

A comprehensive review of water quality monitoring and assessment in Nigeria.