National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

https://research.ece.ncsu.edu/netwis/papers/13wl-comnet.pdf

Survey Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges

Smart grid is a promising power delivery infrastructure integrated with communication and information technologies. Its bi-directional communication and electricity flow enable both utilities and customers to monitor, predict, and manage energy usage. It also advances energy and environmental sustainability through the integration of vast distributed energy resources. Deploying such a green electric system has enormous and far-reaching economic and social benefits. Nevertheless, increased interconnection and integration also introduce cyber-vulnerabilities into the grid. Failure to address these problems will hinder the modernization of the existing power system. In order to build a reliable smart grid, an overview of relevant cyber security and privacy issues is presented. Based on current literatures, several potential research fields are discussed at the end of this paper.

https://repository.um.edu.mo/bitstream/10692/2883/3/Liu-2012-Cyber-security-and-privacy-issues-i.pdf

Cyber Security and Privacy Issues in Smart Grids

With the rapid proliferation of new technologies and services in the wireless domain, spectrum scarcity has become a major concern. The allocation of the Industrial, Medical and Scientific (ISM) band has enabled the explosion of new technologies (e.g. Wi-Fi) due to its licence-exempt characteristic. The widespread adoption of Wi-Fi technology, combined with the rapid penetration of smart phones running popular user services (e.g. social online networks) has overcrowded substantially the ISM band. On the other hand, according to a number of recent reports, several parts of the static allocated licensed bands are under-utilized. This has brought up the idea of the opportunistic use of these bands through the, so-called, cognitive radios and cognitive radio networks. Cognitive radios have enabled the opportunity to transmit in several licensed bands without causing harmful interference to licensed users. Along with the realization of cognitive radios, new security threats have been raised. Adversaries can exploit several vulnerabilities of this new technology and cause severe performance degradation. Security threats are mainly related to two fundamental characteristics of cognitive radios: cognitive capability, and reconfigurability. Threats related to the cognitive capability include attacks launched by adversaries that mimic primary transmitters, and transmission of false observations related to spectrum sensing. Reconfiguration can be exploited by attackers through the use of malicious code installed in cognitive radios. Furthermore, as cognitive radio networks are wireless in nature, they face all classic threats present in the conventional wireless networks. The scope of this work is to give an overview of the security threats and challenges that cognitive radios and cognitive radio networks face, along with the current state-of-the-art to detect the corresponding attacks. In addition, future challenges are addressed.

A Survey on Security Threats and Detection Techniques in Cognitive Radio Networks

Survey A survey of routing protocols for smart grid communications

Cognitive radio is a promising technology aiming to improve the utilization of the radio electromagnetic spectrum. A cognitive radio device uses general purpose computer processors that run radio applications software to perform signal processing. The use of this software enables the device to sense and understand its environment and actively change its mode of operation based on its observations. Unfortunately, this solution entails new security challenges. Our objective in this paper is to analyze the security issues of the main recent developments and architectures of cognitive radio networks. We present vulnerabilities inherent to those systems, identify novel types of abuse, classify attacks, and analyze their impact on the operation of cognitive radio-based systems. Moreover, we discuss and propose security solutions to mitigate such threats. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Cognitive radio emerges as a promising technology to deal with the scarcity of radio electromagnetic spectrum. Cognitive radio devices run the radio applications software by means of which they are able to sense and understand their environment and change their mode of operation according to their observations. In this paper we present an analysis of the vulnerabilities inherent to these systems, identify the potential threats to cognitive radio networks and propose a set of countermeasures to mitigate them. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Securing cognitive radio networks

Whilst security is generally perceived as an important constituent of communication systems, this paper offers a viable security-communication-tradeoff particularly tailored to Advanced Metering Infrastructures (AMIs) in Smart Grid systems. These systems, often composed of embedded nodes with highly constrained resources, require e.g.~metering data to be delivered efficiently whilst neither jeopardizing communication nor security. Data aggregation is a natural choice in such settings, where the challenge is to facilitate per-hop as well as end-to-end security. The prime contribution of this paper is to propose a secure aggregation protocol that meets the requirements of Smart Grids, and to analyze its efficiency considering various system configurations as well as the impact of the wireless channel through packet error rates. Relying on analysis and corroborative simulations, unprecedented design guidelines are derived which determine the operational point beyond which aggregation is useful as well quantifying the superiority of our protocol w.r.t. non-aggregated solutions.

/pdf/secure-lossless-aggregation-for-smart-grid-m2m-networks-3lcb1c2vhb.pdf

Secure Lossless Aggregation for Smart Grid M2M Networks

The vision of connecting a large amount of objects on this planet to improve well-being and safety is slowly taking shape. Preceded by a decade-long era of research on low-power low-rate short-range wireless sensor networks, first proprietary and later standards-compliant embedded technologies have successfully been put forward. Cellular machine-to-machine (M2M) is taking this technology to a next step where communication ranges are significantly extended by relying on cellular infrastructure. This position paper discusses these emerging paradigms and highlights how cooperative as well as security requirements are core to their designs.

/pdf/low-power-low-rate-goes-long-range-the-case-for-secure-and-35czyo682m.pdf

Low-power low-rate goes long-range: the case for secure and cooperative machine-to-machine communications

While security is generally perceived as an important constituent of communication systems, this paper offers a viable security-communication trade-off particularly tailored to smart grids. These systems, often composed of embedded nodes with highly constrained resources, require, e.g., metering data to be delivered efficiently while neither jeopardizing communication nor security. Data aggregation is a natural choice in such settings, where an additional challenge is to facilitate per-hop and end-to-end security as well as a mechanism to protect the valid nodes from exhaustion threats. The prime contribution of this paper is to include into the security design framework issues related to aggregation, wireless fading and shadowing channels, physical layer parameters (such as choice of modulation, packet length, channel coder), medium access control parameters (such as average number of transmissions), routing parameters (such as choice of route). Relying on analysis and corroborating simulations, unprecedented design guidelines are derived which determine the operational point beyond which aggregation is useful as well quantifying the superiority of our protocol enriched with a protection mechanism against nonintended packets (malicious or nonmalicious) w.r.t. nonaggregated and/or unsecured solutions.

/pdf/secure-lossless-aggregation-over-fading-and-shadowing-4yx7umdbgk.pdf

Secure Lossless Aggregation Over Fading and Shadowing Channels for Smart Grid M2M Networks

Cognitive radio is a promising technology aiming to improve the utilization of the radio electromagnetic spectrum. A cognitive radio is a smart device which runs radio applications software to perform signal processing. The use of this software enables the device to sense and understand its environment and actively change its mode of operation based on its observations. Unfortunately, this solution entails new security challenges. In this paper, we present a cross-layer attack to TCP connections in cognitive radio networks, analyze its impact on TCP throughput via analytical model and simulation, and propose potential countermeasures to mitigate it.

/pdf/modeling-the-lion-attack-in-cognitive-radio-networks-20cm7kcnks.pdf

Juan Hernández-Serrano

Papers

Securing cognitive radio networks

Secure Lossless Aggregation for Smart Grid M2M Networks

Low-power low-rate goes long-range: the case for secure and cooperative machine-to-machine communications

Secure Lossless Aggregation Over Fading and Shadowing Channels for Smart Grid M2M Networks

Modeling the lion attack in cognitive radio networks