There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

To say that this is the best book on the quantum theory of fields is no praise, since to my knowledge it is the only book on this subject But it is a very good and most useful book The original was written in German and appeared in 1942 This is a translation with some minor changes A few remarks have been added, concerning meson theory and nuclear forces, also footnotes referring to modern work in this field, and finally an appendix on the symmetrization of the energy momentum tensor according to Belinfante Quantum Theory of Fields Prof Gregor Wentzel Translated from the German by Charlotte Houtermans and J M Jauch Pp ix + 224, (New York and London: Interscience Publishers, Inc, 1949) 36s

Quantum Theory of Fields

Singular Integral Equations. By N.I. Muskhelishvili. Translated fromthe 2nd Russian edition by J.R.M. Radok. Pp. 447. F1. 28.50. 1953. (Noordhoff, Groningen)

A golden age for heavy-quarkonium physics dawned a decade ago, initiated by the confluence of exciting advances in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and an explosion of related experimental activity. The early years of this period were chronicled in the Quarkonium Working Group (QWG) CERN Yellow Report (YR) in 2004, which presented a comprehensive review of the status of the field at that time and provided specific recommendations for further progress. However, the broad spectrum of subsequent breakthroughs, surprises, and continuing puzzles could only be partially anticipated. Since the release of the YR, the BESII program concluded only to give birth to BESIII; the B-factories and CLEO-c flourished; quarkonium production and polarization measurements at HERA and the Tevatron matured; and heavy-ion collisions at RHIC have opened a window on the deconfinement regime. All these experiments leave legacies of quality, precision, and unsolved mysteries for quarkonium physics, and therefore beg for continuing investigations at BESIII, the LHC, RHIC, FAIR, the Super Flavor and/or Tau-Charm factories, JLab, the ILC, and beyond. The list of newly found conventional states expanded to include h(c)(1P), chi(c2)(2P), B-c(+), and eta(b)(1S). In addition, the unexpected and still-fascinating X(3872) has been joined by more than a dozen other charmonium- and bottomonium-like "XYZ" states that appear to lie outside the quark model. Many of these still need experimental confirmation. The plethora of new states unleashed a flood of theoretical investigations into new forms of matter such as quark-gluon hybrids, mesonic molecules, and tetraquarks. Measurements of the spectroscopy, decays, production, and in-medium behavior of c (c) over bar, b (b) over bar, and b (c) over bar bound states have been shown to validate some theoretical approaches to QCD and highlight lack of quantitative success for others. Lattice QCD has grown from a tool with computational possibilities to an industrial-strength effort now dependent more on insight and innovation than pure computational power. New effective field theories for the description of quarkonium in different regimes have been developed and brought to a high degree of sophistication, thus enabling precise and solid theoretical predictions. Many expected decays and transitions have either been measured with precision or for the first time, but the confusing patterns of decays, both above and below open-flavor thresholds, endure and have deepened. The intriguing details of quarkonium suppression in heavy-ion collisions that have emerged from RHIC have elevated the importance of separating hot- and cold-nuclear-matter effects in quark-gluon plasma studies. This review systematically addresses all these matters and concludes by prioritizing directions for ongoing and future efforts.

/pdf/heavy-quarkonium-progress-puzzles-and-opportunities-2tru0l8jyp.pdf

Heavy quarkonium: progress, puzzles, and opportunities

We present a model for weak charged-current induced nuclear reactions at energies of interest for current and future neutrino oscillation experiments. This model is a natural extension of the work in Refs. [1,2], where the quasielastic contribution to the inclusive electron and neutrino scattering on nuclei was analyzed. The model is based on a systematic many-body expansion of the gauge boson absorption modes that includes one, two, and even three-body mechanisms, as well as the excitation of $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ isobars. The whole scheme has no free parameters, besides those previously adjusted to the weak pion production off the nucleon cross sections in the deuteron, since all nuclear effects were set up in previous studies of photon, electron, and pion interactions with nuclei. We have discussed at length the recent charged-current quasielastic MiniBooNE cross section data, and showed that two-nucleon knockout mechanisms are essential to describing these measurements.

Inclusive charged-current neutrino-nucleus reactions

Among the newly observed structures in the heavy-quarkonium mass region, some have been proposed to be hadronic molecules. We investigate the consequences of heavy-quark flavor symmetry on these heavy meson hadronic molecules. The symmetry allows us to predict new hadronic molecules on one hand, and test the hadronic molecular assumption of the observed structures on the other hand. We explore the consequences of the flavor symmetry assuming the $X(3872)$ and ${Z}_{b}(10\text{ }610)$ as an isoscalar $D{\overline{D}}^{*}$ and isovector $B{\overline{B}}^{*}$ hadronic molecule, respectively. A series of hadronic molecules composed of heavy mesons are predicted. In particular, there is an isoscalar ${1}^{++}$ $B{\overline{B}}^{*}$ bound state with a mass about 10 580 MeV which may be searched for in the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(1S,2S){\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ mass distribution; the isovector charmonium partners of the ${Z}_{b}(10\text{ }610)$ and the ${Z}_{b}(10\text{ }650)$ are also predicted, which probably corresponds to the very recently observed ${Z}_{c}(3900)$ and ${Z}_{c}(4025)$ resonances by the BESIII Collaboration.

/pdf/consequences-of-heavy-quark-symmetries-for-hadronic-1e3rx2jwno.pdf

Consequences of Heavy Quark Symmetries for Hadronic Molecules

We perform an analytical study of the scattering matrix and bound states in problems with many physical coupled channels. We establish the relationship of the couplings of the states to the different channels, obtained from the residues of the scattering matrix at the poles, with the wave functions for the different channels. The couplings basically reflect the value of the wave functions around the origin in coordinate space. In the concrete case of the $X(3872)$ resonance, understood as a bound state of ${D}^{0}{\overline{D}}^{*0}$ and ${D}^{+}{D}^{*\ensuremath{-}}$ (and $c.c.$ From now on, when we refer to ${D}^{0}{\overline{D}}^{*0}$ , ${D}^{+}{D}^{*\ensuremath{-}}$, or $D{\overline{D}}^{*}$ we are actually referring to the combination of these states with their complex conjugate in order to form a state with positive C-parity), with the ${D}^{0}{\overline{D}}^{*0}$ loosely bound, we find that the couplings to the two channels are essentially equal leading to a state of good isospin $I=0$ character. This is in spite of having a probability for finding the ${D}^{0}{\overline{D}}^{*0}$ state much larger than for ${D}^{+}{D}^{*\ensuremath{-}}$ since the loosely bound channel extends further in space. The analytical results, obtained with exact solutions of the Schr\"odinger equation for the wave functions, can be useful in general to interpret results found numerically in the study of problems with unitary coupled channels methods.

/pdf/couplings-in-coupled-channels-versus-wave-functions-421fkp2v44.pdf

Couplings in coupled channels versus wave functions: Application to the X(3872) resonance

The nucleon axial mass and the MiniBooNE Quasielastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering problem

We explore the consequences of heavy quark spin symmetry for the charmed meson-antimeson system in a contact-range (or pionless) effective field theory. As a trivial consequence, we theorize the existence of a heavy quark spin symmetry partner of the $X(3872)$, with ${J}^{\mathrm{PC}}={2}^{++}$, which we call $X(4012)$ in reference to its predicted mass. If we additionally assume that the $X(3915)$ is a ${0}^{++}$ heavy spin symmetry partner of the $X(3872)$, we end up predicting a total of six ${D}^{(*)}{\overline{D}}^{(*)}$ molecular states. We also discuss the error induced by higher order effects such as finite heavy quark mass corrections, pion exchanges and coupled channels, allowing us to estimate the expected theoretical uncertainties in the position of these new states.

Juan Nieves

Papers

Inclusive charged-current neutrino-nucleus reactions

Consequences of Heavy Quark Symmetries for Hadronic Molecules

Couplings in coupled channels versus wave functions: Application to the X(3872) resonance

The nucleon axial mass and the MiniBooNE Quasielastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering problem

Heavy quark spin symmetry partners of the X(3872)