Author
Julian D. Marshall
Other affiliations: University of British Columbia, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of California, Los Angeles ...read more
Bio: Julian D. Marshall is an academic researcher from University of Washington. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Air quality index. The author has an hindex of 57, co-authored 206 publications receiving 10104 citations. Previous affiliations of Julian D. Marshall include University of British Columbia & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Topics: Population, Air quality index, Air pollution, Medicine, Intake fraction
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: This analysis uses high-resolution (10 km, global-coverage) concentration data and cause-specific integrated exposure-response functions developed for the Global Burden of Disease 2010 to assess how regional and global improvements in ambient air quality could reduce attributable mortality from PM2.5.
Abstract: Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has a large and well-documented global burden of disease. Our analysis uses high-resolution (10 km, global-coverage) concentration data and cause-specific integrated exposure-response (IER) functions developed for the Global Burden of Disease 2010 to assess how regional and global improvements in ambient air quality could reduce attributable mortality from PM2.5. Overall, an aggressive global program of PM2.5 mitigation in line with WHO interim guidelines could avoid 750 000 (23%) of the 3.2 million deaths per year currently (ca. 2010) attributable to ambient PM2.5. Modest improvements in PM2.5 in relatively clean regions (North America, Europe) would result in surprisingly large avoided mortality, owing to demographic factors and the nonlinear concentration-response relationship that describes the risk of particulate matter in relation to several important causes of death. In contrast, major improvements in air quality would be required to substantially reduce mort...
723 citations
TL;DR: Findings derived from this large-scale prospective study suggest that long-term ambient O3 contributes to risk of respiratory and circulatory mortality and substantial health and environmental benefits may be achieved by implementing further measures aimed at controlling O3 concentrations.
Abstract: Rationale: Tropospheric ozone (O3) is potentially associated with cardiovascular disease risk and premature death. Results from long-term epidemiological studies on O3 are scarce and inconclusive.Objectives: In this study, we examined associations between chronic ambient O3 exposure and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a large cohort of U.S. adults.Methods: Cancer Prevention Study II participants were enrolled in 1982. A total of 669,046 participants were analyzed, among whom 237,201 deaths occurred through 2004. We obtained estimates of O3 concentrations at the participant’s residence from a hierarchical Bayesian space–time model. Estimates of fine particulate matter (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of up to 2.5 μm [PM2.5]) and NO2 concentrations were obtained from land use regression. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine mortality associations adjusted for individual- and ecological-level covariates.Measurements and Main Results: In single-pollutant mo...
547 citations
University of British Columbia1, Imperial College London2, University of Basel3, University of Bristol4, University of Southern California5, Utrecht University6, Flemish Institute for Technological Research7, University of California, Berkeley8, University of Canterbury9, National University of Ireland, Galway10, West Virginia University11, University of Minnesota12, Mines ParisTech13, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill14, University of Chile15, San Diego State University16, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research17, National Institute for Health and Welfare18
TL;DR: Evaluating impacts of active travel policies is highly complex; however, many associations can be quantified, and identifying health-maximizing policies and conditions requires integrated HIAs.
517 citations
TL;DR: This work equipped Google Street View vehicles with a fast-response pollution measurement platform and repeatedly sampled every street in a 30-km2 area of Oakland, CA, developing the largest urban air quality data set of its type, revealing stable, persistent pollution patterns with surprisingly sharp small-scale variability attributable to local sources.
Abstract: Air pollution affects billions of people worldwide, yet ambient pollution measurements are limited for much of the world Urban air pollution concentrations vary sharply over short distances (≪1 km) owing to unevenly distributed emission sources, dilution, and physicochemical transformations Accordingly, even where present, conventional fixed-site pollution monitoring methods lack the spatial resolution needed to characterize heterogeneous human exposures and localized pollution hotspots Here, we demonstrate a measurement approach to reveal urban air pollution patterns at 4–5 orders of magnitude greater spatial precision than possible with current central-site ambient monitoring We equipped Google Street View vehicles with a fast-response pollution measurement platform and repeatedly sampled every street in a 30-km2 area of Oakland, CA, developing the largest urban air quality data set of its type Resulting maps of annual daytime NO, NO2, and black carbon at 30 m-scale reveal stable, persistent pollut
452 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that, in the United States, PM2.5 exposure is disproportionately caused by consumption of goods and services mainly by the non-Hispanic white majority, but disproportionately inhaled by black and Hispanic minorities.
Abstract: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution exposure is the largest environmental health risk factor in the United States. Here, we link PM2.5 exposure to the human activities responsible for PM2.5 pollution. We use these results to explore "pollution inequity": the difference between the environmental health damage caused by a racial-ethnic group and the damage that group experiences. We show that, in the United States, PM2.5 exposure is disproportionately caused by consumption of goods and services mainly by the non-Hispanic white majority, but disproportionately inhaled by black and Hispanic minorities. On average, non-Hispanic whites experience a "pollution advantage": They experience ∼17% less air pollution exposure than is caused by their consumption. Blacks and Hispanics on average bear a "pollution burden" of 56% and 63% excess exposure, respectively, relative to the exposure caused by their consumption. The total disparity is caused as much by how much people consume as by how much pollution they breathe. Differences in the types of goods and services consumed by each group are less important. PM2.5 exposures declined ∼50% during 2002-2015 for all three racial-ethnic groups, but pollution inequity has remained high.
326 citations
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Journal Article•
28,685 citations
TL;DR: As an example of how the current "war on terrorism" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says "permanently marked" the generation that lived through it and had a "terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century."
Abstract: The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam's latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam's central argument: that \"social capital\" -defined as \"social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them\" (p. 19)'has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to \"reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.\"' As an example of how the current \"war on terrorism\" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says \"permanently marked\" the generation that lived through it and had a \"terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.\" 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic
5,309 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe physical activity levels worldwide with data for adults (15 years or older) from 122 countries and for adolescents (13-15-years-old) from 105 countries.
4,373 citations
Health Effects Institute1, University of British Columbia2, Health Canada3, St George's, University of London4, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation5, Sri Ramachandra University6, Utrecht University7, Public Health Foundation of India8, Auckland University of Technology9, United States Environmental Protection Agency10, University of Bath11, Fudan University12, University of Queensland13, Emory University14, Dalhousie University15, Queensland University of Technology16, Brigham Young University17, International Agency for Research on Cancer18
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored spatial and temporal trends in mortality and burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution from 1990 to 2015 at global, regional, and country levels, and estimated the relative risk of mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and lower respiratory infections from epidemiological studies using nonlinear exposure-response functions spanning the global range of exposure.
3,960 citations
University of Washington1, National Institutes of Health2, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation3, Sapienza University of Rome4, Mayo Clinic5, FIU Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine6, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center7, Boston University8, Essentia Health9, University of Douala10, University of British Columbia11, Medical University of Graz12, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research13, University of Milan14, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center15, Johns Hopkins University16, University of California, San Diego17, University of Michigan18, University of Edinburgh19, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center20, Queen Mary University of London21, University of Alabama at Birmingham22, Harvard University23, Tufts Medical Center24, All India Institute of Medical Sciences25, Northwestern University26, University of Kentucky27, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza28, Columbia University29, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai30, University of Sydney31, University of Cape Town32, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro33, University of Ibadan34, Case Western Reserve University35, Stanford University36, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais37, The George Institute for Global Health38, Uppsala University39, Dresden University of Technology40, King Fahd Medical City41, Tulane University42, Imperial College London43
TL;DR: CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high- income countries.
3,315 citations