Oil and water do not mix. The disaffinity of oil for water, with its unusual temperature dependence, is called the hydrophobic effect. It is important to understand the factors underlying the hydrophobic effect because they appear to play key roles in membrane and micelle formation, protein folding, ligand-protein and protein−protein binding, chromatographic retention, possibly nucleic acid interactions, and the partitioning of drugs, metabolites, and toxins throughout the environment and living systems. Here, we survey experimental and theoretical studies of nonpolar solute partitioning into water. We note that the hydrophobic effect is not just due to “water ordering” and not merely due to small size effects of water. The properties vary substantially with temperature and solute shape. Also, we discuss the limitations of using oil/water partitioning as the basis for some thermodynamic models in chemistry and biology.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jp020104r

A View of the Hydrophobic Effect

Fat-soluble vitamins xli. the carotene and vitamin a content of colostrum

This paper carried out experimental study, through extraction and characterization of both crude and refined castor oil. Normal hexane was used as solvent for the extraction process. The oil produced was refined through degumming, neutralization and bleaching process using local adsorbent (activated clay). The characterization analysis revealed that tested parameters, which include specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, saponification value and iodine value for both crude and refined castor oil produced, were within the ASTM standard specifications. In fact the iodine value obtained (84.8) for the refined oil indicates that the oil could certainly be used as lubricant, hydraulic break fluid and protecting coatings. The oil was modified via sulphation method to produce Turkey – red oil that was tested on wooden material, paper and cloth. The test revealed that the Turkey – red oil produced is suitable to be used as a good dying agent and polish.

/pdf/extraction-characterization-and-modification-of-castor-seed-3lan6b6o07.pdf

Extraction, Characterization and Modification of Castor Seed Oil

CIIEMICAL INNVESTIGATION OF SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES. A few preliminary determinations only were nmade by McNee in Cases I. and IT. These will be given first. As a result of the experience gained in these two eases, a definite plan of campaign was outlined for the investigation of Cases III. and IV. Case V. recovered spontaneously and no biopsy was made. A. Cases I. a-1(1 II. and Controls. The fat was melted otut of a imiassof subcutaneous fat, and dried. TIhe melting point of this separated fat was taken by the capillary method; and the, iodine value was determined by Hubl's method.

https://adc.bmj.com/content/archdischild/1/3/123.full.pdf

An Investigation of Sclerema Neonatorum; with Special Reference to the Chemistry of the Subcutaneous Tissues: (Part II.).

A convenient method for measuring the length of the induction period of marine and other oils and unsaturated fatty acid esters depends upon determining the increases in weight. Small amounts of oil with or without additives are held in constant temperature ovens and weighed at regular intervals. Some of the details of technique are described.

A weighing method for measuring the induction period of marine and other oils

THE well-known work of the late Dr. Lewkowitsch was reviewed at some length in these columns on the appearance of the fourth edition some four years ago (NATURE, August 19, 1909). In view of the stage of transition through which the subject of fat analysis is now passing, the author would have preferred to wait a little longer before bringing out the present edition, but the exhaustion of the previous issue precluded further delay.Chemical Technology and Analysis of Oils, Fats, and Waxes.By Dr. J. Lewkowitsch. Fifth edition, entirely re-written and enlarged. Vol. i. Pp. xxiii + 668. (London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd.) Price 25s. net.

Julius Isidor Lewkowitsch

Papers

Chemical technology and analysis of oils, fats, and waxes