Buildings are important entity objects of cities, and the classification of building shapes plays an indispensable role in the cognition and planning of the urban structure. In recent years, some deep learning methods have been proposed for recognizing the shapes of building footprints in modern electronic maps. Furthermore, their performance depends on enough labeled samples for each class of building footprints. However, it is impractical to label enough samples for each type of building footprint shapes. Therefore, the deep learning methods using few labeled samples are more preferable to recognize and classify the building footprint shapes. In this paper, we propose a relation network based method for the recognization of building footprint shapes with few labeled samples. Relation network, composed of embedding module and relation module, is a metric based few-shot method which aims to learn a generalized metric function and predict the types of the new samples according to their relation with the prototypes of these few labeled samples. To better extract the shape features of the building footprints in the form of vector polygons, we have taken the TriangleConv embedding module to act as the embedding module of the relation network. We validate the effectiveness of our method based on a building footprint dataset with 10 typical shapes and compare it with three classical few-shot learning methods in accuracy. The results show that our method performs better for the classification of building footprint shapes with few labeled samples. For example, the accuracy reached 89.40% for the 2-way 5-shot classification task where there are only two classes of samples in the task and five labeled samples for each class.

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Few-Shot Building Footprint Shape Classification with Relation Network

Emergency response scheme selection with T-spherical hesitant probabilistic fuzzy TODIM-TPZSG approach

Abstract Measuring similarity is essential for classifying, clustering, retrieving, and matching linear features in geospatial data. However, the complexity of linear features challenges the formalization of characteristics and determination of the weight of each characteristic in similarity measurements. Additionally, traditional methods have limited adaptability to the variety of linear features. To address these challenges, this study proposes a metric learning model that learns similarity metrics directly from linear features. The model’s ability to learn allows no pre-determined characteristics and supports adaptability to different levels of complex linear features. LineStringNet functions as a feature encoder that maps vector lines to embeddings without format conversion or feature engineering. With a Siamese architecture, the learning process minimizes the contrastive loss, which brings similar pairs closer and pushes dissimilar pairs away in the embedding space. Finally, the proposed model calculates the Euclidean distance to measure the similarity between learned embeddings. Experiments on common linear features and building shapes indicated that the learned similarity metrics effectively supported retrieving, matching, and classifying lines and polygons, with higher precision and accuracy than traditional measures. Furthermore, the model ensures desired metric properties, including rotation and starting point invariances, by adjusting labeling strategies or preprocessing input data.

A Siamese neural network for learning the similarity metrics of linear features

The building sector has slowly but constantly had the largest contribution to global carbon emissions. Thus, business in the building sector has a responsibility to contribute to reducing carbon emissions. One of the ways of doing this has been by developing the concept of a green building, which is one of the solutions for sustainable development. However, the main obstacle for the property developer is a misconception that capital cost spending is more important than the life cycle cost of the building. The majority of property owners and developers are more concerned about the initial cost without taking into consideration that the initial cost is closely related to the operational cost of buildings, especially high-rise buildings. From this phenomenon, there are research opportunities that aim to determine how the concept of green influences the financial decisions of developers in Indonesia that are applied to high-rise buildings. The method used in this research is inferential analysis to determine how the influence of the application of green building factors into the valuation of a building. The valuation is based on one of three methods in a building’s valuation, which is the cost approach. Then, a comparison between the building’s valuation using green and non-green is conducted in terms of the cost analysis and sensitivity. The result of the analysis is known that according to the developer practitioners in Indonesia with the green building concept, the increase in construction costs is not always accompanied by a decrease in operating and maintenance costs, as well as an increase in property values. These findings can have implications for achieving expectations, that is increasing property values through the use of the green building concept by reducing the operational and maintenance costs.

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The Influence of Green Building Application on High-Rise Building Life Cycle Cost and Valuation in Indonesia

Recognizing morphological patterns in lines and segmenting them into homogeneous segments is critical for line generalization and other applications. Due to the excessive dependence on handcrafted features in existing methods and their insufficient consideration of contextual information, we propose a novel pattern recognition and segmentation method for lines, based on deep learning and shape context descriptors. In this method, a line is divided into a series of consecutive linear units of equal length, termed lixels. A grid shape context descriptor (GSCD) was designed to extract the contextual features for each lixel. A one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-U-Net) was constructed to classify the pattern type of each lixel, and adjacent lixels with the same pattern types were fused to obtain segmentation results. The proposed method was applied to administrative boundaries, which were segmented into components with three different patterns. The experiments showed that the lixel classification accuracy of the 1D-U-Net reached 90.42%. The consistency ratio was 92.41%, when compared with the manual segmentation results, which was higher than either of the two existing machine learning-based segmentation methods.

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Pattern Recognition and Segmentation of Administrative Boundaries Using a One-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network and Grid Shape Context Descriptor

The classification and recognition of the shapes of buildings in map space play an important role in spatial cognition, cartographic generalization, and map updating. As buildings in map space are often represented as the vector data, research was conducted to learn the feature representations of the buildings and recognize their shapes based on graph neural networks. Due to the principles of graph neural networks, it is necessary to construct a graph to represent the adjacency relationships between the points (i.e., the vertices of the polygons shaping the buildings), and extract a list of geometric features for each point. This paper proposes a deep point convolutional network to recognize building shapes, which executes the convolution directly on the points of the buildings without constructing the graphs and extracting the geometric features of the points. A new convolution operator named TriangleConv was designed to learn the feature representations of each point by aggregating the features of the point and the local triangle constructed by the point and its two adjacency points. The proposed method was evaluated and compared with related methods based on a dataset consisting of 5010 vector buildings. In terms of accuracy, macro-precision, macro-recall, and macro-F1, the results show that the proposed method has comparable performance with typical graph neural networks of GCN, GAT, and GraphSAGE, and point cloud neural networks of PointNet, PointNet++, and DGCNN in the task of recognizing and classifying building shapes in map space.

TriangleConv: A Deep Point Convolutional Network for Recognizing Building Shapes in Map Space

Managing a large number of participants in the Delphi survey encounters many challenges, such as heterogeneous data, high cost, dynamic quality, and various uncertainties, etc. This paper proposes a novel large-scale group Delphi method with heterogeneous decision information and dynamic weights to address these challenges. Heterogeneous data with various uncertainties, including exact numbers, interval numbers, normal cloud models, linguistic terms, and linguistic expressions, are converted into normal cloud models. Thus, both magnitudes and uncertainties of data can be preserved and propagated throughout the whole calculation process. Furthermore, this study also presents a data preprocessing technique consisting of four steps to discard invalid data and low-quality inputs. Moreover, a novel dynamic weights assignment algorithm is proposed to determine the weights for participants. Afterwards, detailed procedures and formal algorithm are developed. A practical application is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness, applicability, and advantages of the proposed methodology with examples and detailed comparative analysis. The application shows that the decision result becomes more stable and consentaneous. The comparative analysis indicates that the proposed methodology overcomes several challenges. Therefore, the proposed method can provide novel ideas for large-scale group decision making with heterogeneous data and various uncertainties in a dynamically changing decision environment. Eventually, this study contributes to several fields, such as the Delphi technique, group decision making, modeling of uncertainty, and heterogeneous data representation and processing, etc. 

Junkui Xu

Papers

TriangleConv: A Deep Point Convolutional Network for Recognizing Building Shapes in Map Space

Few-Shot Building Footprint Shape Classification with Relation Network

Large-scale group Delphi method with heterogeneous decision information and dynamic weights