Showing papers by "Jurgen Jasperneite published in 2015"

Requirements and concept for Plug-and-Work

Abstract: Abstract Objects to change within a manufacturing enterprise can be products, technological or logistical processes, parts of the manufacturing facilities or a company's organization. For this paper we assume, that IT systems are also objects to change – they have to be adapted to changes to products and facilities on the shop floor. Today the adaption of IT systems is managed and done manually – therefore the authors propose an automated way of changing the production's IT-systems. For this purpose two main ideas are described: reading and interpreting a self-description of production equipment and enrichment of these descriptions with data from the “digital factory” bridging the gap between planning and operating IT-systems and thus enabling higher adaptivity of manufacturing systems.

Performance evaluation of M2M protocols over cellular networks in a lab environment

Abstract: According to the vision of the Internet of Things the seamless and flexible networking of everyday objects will become an important field of application for Internet-based communication. The simple integration of these devices into a communication system often requires wireless technologies, especially when there is no wired infrastructure available. Cellular networks of the third and fourth generation are promising enablers for embedding a variety of different devices into the Internet of Things. However, cellular networks use a completely different approach for data transmission and media access than wired networks like Ethernet. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the transmission behavior of common protocols for machine-to-machine (M2M) communication with respect to the peculiarities of cellular networks. In this paper, three M2M protocols – CoAP, MQTT and OPC UA – are compared to each other with regard to their transport mechanisms to evaluate the transmission times and analyzing potentials for optimization. For the evaluation a laboratory test environment with cellular network emulators for EDGE, UMTS and LTE is used to analyze the protocols without interference of delays caused by the Internet or by other users allocating resources of the cellular network.

A context-aware assistance system for maintenance applications in smart factories based on augmented reality and indoor localization

Abstract: The term Industrie 4.0 carries the vision of smart factories, which automatically adapt to changes and assist the human as much as possible during operation and maintenance. This includes smart human machine interfaces, which reduce the chances of errors and help to make the right decisions. This paper presents an approach to equip the maintenance software running on a tablet PC with augmented reality functionality to be able to place virtual sticky notes at production modules. Additionally, these sticky notes are enriched with position information. The central element of this approach is an ontology-based context-aware framework, which aggregates and processes data from different sources. As a result, a tablet PC application was implemented, which allows displaying maintenance information as well as live plant process data in the form of augmented reality. More than 100 of those sticky notes can be placed using this system, whereas each note requires a file size of 12 to 16 kilo bytes. After placing a sticky note, the system recognizes it even if the camera's position is not exactly the same as during the placing process.

An analysis of real-time ethernets with regard to their automatic configuration

Abstract: Future market conditions require production systems which can be easily adapted to changing demands. However, the engineering process of industrial automation systems is characterized by high manual configuration efforts. Thus, the reconfiguration of such system leads to time-intensive and expensive downtimes. Therefore, this paper will present a concept on reducing the engineering effort — at least on the lower layers of the automation pyramid. Due to the real-time requirements on these layers, specific communication technologies must be used there — for example Real-Time Ethernets (RTEs) which are increasingly applied in industrial automation. However, their real-time capability is contrasted by an additional configuration effort in comparison to standard networks from the information technology domain. This paper will show an approach for the automatic configuration of RTEs and will check its applicability on the most widely-used RTE variants.

Using LTE as an access network for internet-based cyber-physical systems

Abstract: Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) represent a new generation of control systems where distributed local control systems are connected not only physically, but also computationally by means of communication networks. CPSs target introducing intelligence beside traditional monitoring and control functionalities in a way that optimize the performance of the overall system. However, the realization of many CPS applications requires reliable communication systems that provide quality of service (QoS) control. In this domain, Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard offers a comprehensive QoS frame work. Nevertheless, commercial implementations of the standard provide only best effort type of service. In this paper, we demonstrated the benefits of using LTE networks with QoS support for CPSs by comparing the performance of a CPS application over LTE network with and without QoS support. The results clearly indicate the benefit to enable the QoS features in commercial implementations of LTE in order to realize reliable CPS applications.

,,Plug-and-Produce“ für Fertigungssysteme

Abstract: Der Trend einer zunehmenden Produkt- und Variantenvielfalt macht es notwendig, Betriebsmittel so zu planen, dass diese moglichst fur ein breites Produktspektrum einsetzbar oder einfach auf neue Produkte oder Produktvarianten umzurusten sind. Hierdurch entsteht in vielen Branchen der Bedarf nach wandlungsfahigen Fertigungssystemen. Wandlungsfahigkeit oder Rekonfiguration bedeutet, ein Fertigungssystem mit einfachen Mitteln umbauen zu konnen, um die Systemfunktionen an veranderte oder neue Anforderungen strukturell anzupassen. Diese Anpassungen sollten moglichst ohne Experten erfolgen konnen. Dazu kann das an die Computertechnik angelehnte Prinzip des ,,Plug and Produce“ vorteilhaft genutzt werden. In diesem Beitrag wird dieses Prinzip an zwei Fertigungssystemen der Smart Factory OWL, einer gemeinsamen Initiative der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft und der Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe in Lemgo, erlautert.

Analyzing the engineering effort for the commissioning of industrial automation systems

Abstract: In the industrial automation a paradigm shift from centralized, static automation structures to reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS) might be lie ahead. RMS are seen as a key enabler for the required changeability of future production companies since they can reduce the engineering effort needed for the reconfiguration of existing or the construction of new production systems. However, it is not clear how the companies can benefit from RMS in detail. For example, the reduction of engineering effort cannot be expressed in figures by today. But such information is necessary to convince the industry of the advantages of the new production principle. Indeed, existing RMS paradigms like Service-Oriented Architectures are rarely used in the practice of automation. The basis for analyzing the advantages of RMS is an analysis of the status quo in the industrial automation. Regarding the engineering effort of current automation systems, this paper will present a case study considering the effort occurring during the commissioning process of a production system constructed by state-of-the-art components. The evaluation of the study can serve as a reference when comparing the engineering effort of RMS with today's systems.

Communication patterns for Cyber-Physical Systems

Abstract: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) represent a new paradigm of future intelligent systems. They consist of loosely coupled subsystems which interact with mechanisms of Service-oriented Architecture (SoA). In this paper we try to open a new topic in industrial communications. This topic is focused on basic communication patterns within CPSs. Patterns are abstract and generic solutions for common problems in the design of systems. They have a defined feature set, their flaws are known, and they help to avoid repeating errors. Furthermore, patterns introduce a common vocabulary within a community, which simplifies communication between people and documentation. Patterns often represent best practices that are used in already existing protocols. Therefore this work starts to evaluate different existing communication protocols in the scope of SoA and loosely coupled systems, extracts common tasks and implementations, and identifies common communication patterns.

Usage of Retrofitting for Migration of Industrial Production Lines to Industry 4.0

Abstract: Usage of Retrofitting for Migration of Industrial Production Lines to Industry 4.0 Abstract: Today the term Industry 4.0 (I4.0) is omnipresent and many machine builders want to benefit from the researched advantages by integrating this new technologies such as OPC UA into their products. However, due to financial reasons it is not feasible to exchange existing industrial production lines with the new I4.0 ready technologies at once. Therefore this paper will propose a retrofitting approach for the gradual migration to I4.0 by providing a defined schedule with milestones and showing different problems which can occur during retrofitting. In addition to that a new business model called Retrofitting as a Service (RaaS) for future companies will be introduced to show a possible usage of retrofitting.

Utilizing LTE QoS features to provide a reliable access network for cyber-physical systems

Abstract: Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) are a new paradigm of control systems where control, communication, and computation fields intersect Applications of such systems are expected to play an important role in many domains in the future This includes critical domains such as transportation and health domains Hence, it is quite important for such systems to operate reliably Moreover, many CPS applications are characterized by having different modes of operation along with different corresponding traffic patterns and communication requirements All this requires reliable communication networks that provide not only quality of service (QoS) support but also flexibility to adapt according to the varying communication requirements of the application/user On the other hand, recent cellular standards such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) offer higher QoS control compared to earlier cellular standards with the ability to differentiate traffic at both the service and user levels In this paper, we evaluate the ability of LTE cellular technology under certain QoS and load conditions to provide reliable communications for CPS applications characterized by possessing different modes of operation along with different corresponding traffic patterns and communication requirements Our evaluation results indicate the ability of LTE cellular technology to provide reliable and adaptable communications for CPSs when QoS is provided

Smart Factory based on intelligent technical systems.

Abstract: Customers increasingly want to have individual products with costs comparable to mass-produced goods. For manufacturers this leads to small batches and many variants associated and a high productivity at the same time. Therefore future production systems must be adaptive, resource-efficient and user friendly. Such a smart factory is an intelligent socio-technical production system based on informed people, informed machines and informed products. For the smart factory the usage of Information and Communication technologies (ICT) and intelligent automation is of high importance. Especially a seamless connectivity, the efficient computer modeling of knowledge, knowledge-based algorithms for self-x capabilities and user-friendly and intuitive interaction technologies are ingredients to realize the smart factory paradigm. This talk shows how the needed intelligence comes into the technical systems at the shop floor level. Some examples of the leading edge technology cluster "intelligent technical systems OstWestfalen-Lippe it’s OWL" are introduced. In this cluster, which is an integral part of germans high-tech strategy Industrie 4.0, 178 partners from research and industry are working on solutions for the smart factory and smart products. Based on real-world industrial applications methods and technologies for the self-configuration and self-optimization of machines and systems as well as the usage of advanced human-computer interaction technologies are presented. 1 Fraunhofer IOSB-INA and Institute for Information Technologies of OWL University of Applied Sciences, Lemgo, juergen.jasperneite@iosb-ina.fraunhofer.de

An FPGA based FIFO with efficient memory management

Abstract: In this paper, an FPGA based FIFO with efficient memory management is proposed, which allows fast forwarding of real-time Ethernet frames. There are two main drawbacks of the existing FIFO implementations with respect to the buffering of Ethernet frames. Currentness of data is not guaranteed in case of buffer overflow because the new frames are dropped in this case. Furthermore, exhaustive resources are required for traffic priorization because an individual FIFO is required for each priority level. The proposed FIFO incorporates efficient strategies for both frame dropping and traffic priorization. The approach is based on a small ring buffer for meta data of individual frames and a page table that maps the frames to pages in RAM where the data bits of the frame are stored. The FIFO has been implemented on a low-cost Xilinx Spartan 6 FPGA. The solution requires little overhead for page table and ring buffer. Compared to an implementation with standard FIFOs that incorporates traffic priorization and frame dropping, RAM size is decreased from 44 kbytes to 2.7 kbytes.

Universelle Echtzeit-Ethernet Architektur zur Integration in rekonfigurierbare Automatisierungssysteme

Abstract: Das neue Geschäftsmodell, das mit der Industrie 4.0 verbunden ist, verändert ein etabliertes Dogma der Automatisierungsbranche: Anlagen wurden auf hohen Durchsatz der immer gleichen Produktformate optimiert. Während derartige Systeme mit bekannten Maßnahmen automatisierbar sind, stellt die Variantenfertigung eher ein Automatisierungshindernis dar. Für eine individualisierte Produktion ist die Rekonfigurierbarkeit von Industrieanlagen ein wichtiger Faktor. Die Modularisierung und automatische Konfiguration sind hierbei wesentliche Triebkräfte. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird eine Basisarchitektur für eine intelligente Netzwerkkomponente vorgestellt, die ohne manuelle Konfiguration in unterschiedlichen Echtzeit-Ethernet-Netzwerken eingesetzt werden kann.