Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging domain that promises ubiquitous connection to the Internet, turning common objects into connected devices. The IoT paradigm is changing the way people interact with things around them. It paves the way for creating pervasively connected infrastructures to support innovative services and promises better flexibility and efficiency. Such advantages are attractive not only for consumer applications, but also for the industrial domain. Over the last few years, we have been witnessing the IoT paradigm making its way into the industry marketplace with purposely designed solutions. In this paper, we clarify the concepts of IoT, Industrial IoT, and Industry 4.0. We highlight the opportunities brought in by this paradigm shift as well as the challenges for its realization. In particular, we focus on the challenges associated with the need of energy efficiency, real-time performance, coexistence, interoperability, and security and privacy. We also provide a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art research efforts and potential research directions to solve Industrial IoT challenges.

Industrial Internet of Things: Challenges, Opportunities, and Directions

With the introduction of the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyberphysical system (CPS) concepts in industrial application scenarios, industrial automation is undergoing a tremendous change. This is made possible in part by recent advances in technology that allow interconnection on a wider and more fine-grained scale. The purpose of this article is to review technological trends and the impact they may have on industrial communication. We will review the impact of IoT and CPSs on industrial automation from an industry 4.0 perspective, give a survey of the current state of work on Ethernet time-sensitive networking (TSN), and shed light on the role of fifth-generation (5G) telecom networks in automation. Moreover, we will point out the need for harmonization beyond networking.

The Future of Industrial Communication: Automation Networks in the Era of the Internet of Things and Industry 4.0

One of the most significant advances in the development of computer science, information and communication technologies is represented by the cyber-physical systems (CPS). They are systems of collaborating computational entities which are in intensive connection with the surrounding physical world and its on-going processes, providing and using, at the same time, data-accessing and data-processing services available on the Internet. Cyber-physical production systems (CPPS), relying on the latest, and the foreseeable further developments of computer science, information and communication technologies on one hand, and of manufacturing science and technology, on the other, may lead to the 4th industrial revolution, frequently noted as Industrie 4.0. The paper underlines that there are significant roots in general – and in particular to the CIRP community – which point towards CPPS. Expectations towards research in and implementation of CPS and CPPS are outlined and some case studies are introduced. Related new R&D challenges are highlighted.

Cyber-physical systems in manufacturing

This paper provides an overview of the recent developments in data-based techniques focused on modern industrial applications. As one of the hottest research topics for complicated processes, the data-based techniques have been rapidly developed over the past two decades and widely used in numerous industrial sectors nowadays. The core of data-based techniques is to take full advantage of the huge amounts of available process data, aiming to acquire the useful information within. Compared with the well-developed model-based approaches, data-based techniques provide efficient alternative solutions for different industrial issues under various operating conditions. The main objective of this paper is to review and summarize the recent achievements in data-based techniques, especially for complicated industrial applications, thus providing a referee for further study on the related topics both from academic and practical points of view. This paper begins with a brief evolutionary overview of data-based techniques in the last two decades. Then, the methodologies only based on process measurements and the model-data integrated techniques will be further introduced. The recent developments for modern industrial applications are, respectively, presented mainly from perspectives of monitoring and control. The new trends of data-based technique as well as potential application fields are finally discussed.

Data-Based Techniques Focused on Modern Industry: An Overview

In this paper we discuss a selection of promising and interesting research areas in the design of protocols and systems for wireless industrial communications. We have selected topics that have either emerged as hot topics in the industrial communications community in the last few years (like wireless sensor networks), or which could be worthwhile research topics in the next few years (for example cooperative diversity techniques for error control, cognitive radio/opportunistic spectrum access for mitigation of external interferences).

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Recent and Emerging Topics in Wireless Industrial Communications: A Selection

The advances in industrial automation systems rise more stringent demands for reliable and flexible communication. 5G and TSN have been discussed widely as promising candidates that fulfil these requirements. To take advantage of the combination of both of these technologies, an integration of 5G with TSN is part of the current work on the 5G specifications.In this paper, a simulation approach for OMNeT++ based on the existing TSN model NeSTiNg and a novel lightweight 5G user plane model that is still under development is presented. By means of a relevant closed loop control simulation, the known issue of different scheduling periods is reproduced in a minimal simulation scenario. Furthermore, crucial further steps to optimize the model towards an IEEE 802.1Qbv TSN bridge are identified as future tasks.

A Simulation Model for Integrating 5G into Time Sensitive Networking as a Transparent Bridge

Industrial automation systems become more and more open for vertical integration using standardized information technology from the office world and access to the field level via Internet (Internet of Things and Industry 4.0). To protect such open automation systems there is a growing demand for the availability of suitable security features. However, real-time communication protocols used in automation networks typically provide no security functionalities and automation networks are vulnerable to numerous threats. In order to protect open automation systems, at least the authenticity of transferred data should be ensured. Therefore, an analysis of algorithms suitable for authenticity protection of data transferred by real-time Ethernet communication systems is presented in this paper. This includes an analysis of these algorithms and measurement results for a typical embedded system used in industrial Ethernet devices.

Performance evaluation of MAC algorithms for real-time Ethernet communication systems

The fourth Industrial Revolution is finding its way into modern manufacturing sites. Assets with a certain degree of implemented communication technology will be enabled to interconnect and cooperate with practically every other entity via the Industrial Internet. An extreme amount of data and information will be exchanged all the time. Machines will be empowered to make crucial decisions autonomously influencing whole production processes. Erroneous, illegitimate or tampered data will lead to incorrect decisions and will be posing a huge threat to future strong cross-linked added value networks. An approach to tackle this issue comes from a technology called distributed ledger technology with its most known variant the “blockchain”. Certain properties of blockchain technology are showing promising enhancements for industrial networks primarily in order to guarantee digital trust. In this paper, issues like the ability to scale and the adaption onto the requirements of industrial networks are investigated. It turns out that simulation approaches must be taken into consideration, and a first step for an implementation is presented.

Utilizing Blockchain Technology in Industrial Manufacturing with the help of Network Simulation

Der Trend einer zunehmenden Produkt- und Variantenvielfalt macht es notwendig, Betriebsmittel so zu planen, dass diese moglichst fur ein breites Produktspektrum einsetzbar oder einfach auf neue Produkte oder Produktvarianten umzurusten sind. Hierdurch entsteht in vielen Branchen der Bedarf nach wandlungsfahigen Fertigungssystemen. Wandlungsfahigkeit oder Rekonfiguration bedeutet, ein Fertigungssystem mit einfachen Mitteln umbauen zu konnen, um die Systemfunktionen an veranderte oder neue Anforderungen strukturell anzupassen. Diese Anpassungen sollten moglichst ohne Experten erfolgen konnen. Dazu kann das an die Computertechnik angelehnte Prinzip des ,,Plug and Produce“ vorteilhaft genutzt werden. In diesem Beitrag wird dieses Prinzip an zwei Fertigungssystemen der Smart Factory OWL, einer gemeinsamen Initiative der Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft und der Hochschule Ostwestfalen-Lippe in Lemgo, erlautert.

,,Plug-and-Produce“ für Fertigungssysteme

The rapid process of digitalisation has an advanced impact on the industrial automation and manufacturing domain. In order to support all the upcoming technologies and paradigm changes in a future-proof way the Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0 (RAMI4.0) is presently developed in Germany. The requirements, such as Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning for communication systems, network management, and Safety & Security, towards the Factories of the Future (FoF) are constantly increasing. The currently approached solution contains the concept of the Asset Administration Shell (AAS) as a general information storage and exchange point for all possible industrial assets. In consequence, the AAS needs a universal modelling concept of all mandatory information to set up the basis for automatic configuration abilities, which are desired in the Industrie 4.0 (I4.0) visions. Nevertheless, especially in the area of cyber security, which was neglected in the past and has gained a lot of attention nowadays, these modelling concepts are still missing. Therefore, this paper will provide an overview about the ongoing progress in this area, describe the related work, and outline the impending research containing a first concept for the desired Unified Security Modelling Metric (USMM).

Jurgen Jasperneite

Papers

A Simulation Model for Integrating 5G into Time Sensitive Networking as a Transparent Bridge

Performance evaluation of MAC algorithms for real-time Ethernet communication systems

Utilizing Blockchain Technology in Industrial Manufacturing with the help of Network Simulation

,,Plug-and-Produce“ für Fertigungssysteme

Modelling and automatic mapping of cyber security requirements for industrial applications: Survey, problem exposition, and research focus