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Jüri Allik

Bio: Jüri Allik is an academic researcher from University of Tartu. The author has contributed to research in topics: Personality & Big Five personality traits. The author has an hindex of 57, co-authored 223 publications receiving 15859 citations. Previous affiliations of Jüri Allik include Estonian Academy of Sciences & University of Jyväskylä.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although positively and negatively worded items of the RSES were correlated within cultures and were uniformly related to external personality variables, differences between aggregates of positive and negative items were smaller in developed nations.
Abstract: The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was translated into 28 languages and administered to 16,998 participants across 53 nations. The RSES factor structure was largely invariant across nations. RSES scores correlated with neuroticism, extraversion, and romantic attachment styles within nearly all nations, providing additional support for cross-cultural equivalence of the RSES. All nations scored above the theoretical midpoint of the RSES, indicating generally positive self-evaluation may be culturally universal. Individual differences in self-esteem were variable across cultures, with a neutral response bias prevalent in more collectivist cultures. Self-competence and self-liking subscales of the RSES varied with cultural individualism. Although positively and negatively worded items of the RSES were correlated within cultures and were uniformly related to external personality variables, differences between aggregates of positive and negative items were smaller in developed nations. Because negatively worded items were interpreted differently across nations, direct cross-cultural comparisons using the RSES may have limited value.

1,308 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
30 Jan 1997-Nature
TL;DR: It is found that the brain's automatic change-detection response, reflected electrically as the mismatch negativity (MMN) was enhanced when the infrequent, deviant stimulus was a prototype relative to when it was a non-prototype (the Estonian /õ/).
Abstract: There is considerable debate about whether the early processing of sounds depends on whether they form part of speech. Proponents of such speech specificity postulate the existence of language-dependent memory traces, which are activated in the processing of speech1–3 but not when equally complex, acoustic non-speech stimuli are processed. Here we report the existence of these traces in the human brain. We presented to Finnish subjects the Finnish phoneme prototype /e/ as the frequent stimulus, and other Finnish phoneme prototypes or a non-prototype (the Estonian prototype /o/) as the infrequent stimulus. We found that the brain's automatic change-detection response, reflected electrically as the mismatch negativity (MMN)4–10, was enhanced when the infrequent, deviant stimulus was a prototype (the Finnish /o/) relative to when it was a non-prototype (the Estonian /o/). These phonemic traces, revealed by MMN, are language-specific, as /o/ caused enhancement of MMN in Estonians. Whole-head magnetic recordings11,12 located the source of this native-language, phoneme-related response enhancement, and thus the language-specific memory traces, in the auditory cortex of the left hemisphere.

1,154 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall, higher levels of human development--including long and healthy life, equal access to knowledge and education, and economic wealth--were the main nation-level predictors of larger sex differences in personality.
Abstract: Previous research suggested that sex differences in personality traits are larger in prosperous, healthy, and egalitarian cultures in which women have more opportunities equal with those of men. In this article, the authors report cross-cultural findings in which this unintuitive result was replicated across samples from 55 nations (N 17,637). On responses to the Big Five Inventory, women reported higher levels of neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness than did men across most nations. These findings converge with previous studies in which different Big Five measures and more limited samples of nations were used. Overall, higher levels of human development—including long and healthy life, equal access to knowledge and education, and economic wealth—were the main nation-level predictors of larger sex differences in personality. Changes in men’s personality traits appeared to be the primary cause of sex difference variation across cultures. It is proposed that heightened levels of sexual dimorphism result from personality traits of men and women being less constrained and more able to naturally diverge in developed nations. In less fortunate social and economic conditions, innate personality differences between men and women may be attenuated.

1,121 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
David P. Schmitt1, Jüri Allik2, Robert R. McCrae3, Verónica Benet-Martínez4, Lidia Alcalay5, Lara Ault6, Ivars Austers7, Kevin Bennett8, Gabriel Bianchi9, Fredric Boholst10, Mary Ann Borg Cunen11, Johan Braeckman12, Edwin G. Brainerd13, Leo Gerard A. Caral10, Gabrielle Caron14, María Martina Casullo15, Michael Cunningham6, Ikuo Daibo16, Charlotte J. S. De Backer12, Eros De Souza17, Rolando Díaz-Loving18, Glaucia Ribeiro Starling Diniz19, Kevin Durkin20, Marcela Echegaray21, Ekin Eremsoy22, Harald A. Euler23, Ruth Falzon11, Maryanne L. Fisher24, Dolores Foley25, Douglas P. Fry26, Sirspa Fry26, M. Arif Ghayur27, Debra L. Golden28, Karl Grammer, Liria Grimaldi29, Jamin Halberstadt30, Shamsul Haque31, Dora Herrera21, Janine Hertel32, Heather Hoffmann33, Danica Hooper25, Zuzana Hradilekova34, Jasna Hudek-Kene-Evi35, Jas Laile Suzana Binti Jaafar36, Margarita Jankauskaite37, Heidi Kabangu-Stahel, Igor Kardum35, Brigitte Khoury38, Hayrran Kwon39, Kaia Laidra5, Anton Laireiter40, Dustin Lakerveld41, Ada Lampert, Mary Anne Lauri11, Marguerite Lavallée14, Suk Jae Lee42, Luk Chung Leung43, Kenneth D. Locke44, Vance Locke20, Ivan Lukšík9, Ishmael Magaisa45, Dalia Marcinkeviciene37, André Mata46, Rui Mata46, Barry Mccarthy47, Michael E. Mills48, Nhlanhla Mkhize49, João Manuel Moreira46, Sérgio Moreira46, Miguel Moya50, M. Munyae51, Patricia Noller25, Adrian Opre52, Alexia Panayiotou53, Nebojša Petrović54, Karolien Poels12, Miroslav Popper9, Maria Poulimenou55, Volodymyr P'yatokh, Michel Raymond56, Ulf-Dietrich Reips57, Susan E. Reneau58, Sofía Rivera-Aragón18, Wade C. Rowatt59, Willibald Ruch60, Velko S. Rus61, Marilyn P. Safir62, Sonia Salas63, Fabio Sambataro29, Kenneth Sandnabba26, Marion K. Schulmeyer, Astrid Schütz32, Tullio Scrimali29, Todd K. Shackelford64, Phillip R. Shaver65, Francis J Sichona66, Franco Simonetti2, Tilahun Sineshaw67, Tom Speelman12, Spyros Spyrou68, H. Canan Sümer69, Nebi Sümer69, Marianna Supekova9, Tomasz Szlendak70, Robin Taylor71, Bert Timmermans72, William Tooke73, Ioannis Tsaousis74, F. S.K. Tungaraza66, Griet Vandermassen12, Tim Vanhoomissen72, Frank Van Overwalle72, Ine Vanwesenbeeck, Paul L. Vasey75, João Veríssimo46, Martin Voracek76, Wendy W.N. Wan77, Ta Wei Wang78, Peter Weiss79, Andik Wijaya, Liesbeth Woertman41, Gahyun Youn80, Agata Zupanèiè61, Mithila B. Sharan81 
Bradley University1, University of Tartu2, National Institutes of Health3, University of California4, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile5, University of Louisville6, University of Latvia7, Pennsylvania State University8, Slovak Academy of Sciences9, University of San Carlos10, University of Malta11, Ghent University12, Clemson University13, Laval University14, University of Buenos Aires15, Osaka University16, Illinois State University17, National Autonomous University of Mexico18, University of Brasília19, University of Western Australia20, University of Lima21, Boğaziçi University22, University of Kassel23, York University24, University of Queensland25, Åbo Akademi University26, Al Akhawayn University27, University of Hawaii at Manoa28, University of Catania29, University of Otago30, University of Dhaka31, Chemnitz University of Technology32, Knox College33, Comenius University in Bratislava34, University of Rijeka35, University of Malaya36, Vilnius University37, American University of Beirut38, Kwangju Health College39, University of Salzburg40, Utrecht University41, National Computerization Agency42, City University of Hong Kong43, University of Idaho44, University of Zimbabwe45, University of Lisbon46, University of Central Lancashire47, Loyola Marymount University48, University of KwaZulu-Natal49, University of Granada50, University of Botswana51, Babeș-Bolyai University52, University of Cyprus53, University of Belgrade54, KPMG55, University of Montpellier56, University of Zurich57, University of Alabama58, Baylor University59, Queen's University Belfast60, University of Ljubljana61, University of Haifa62, University of La Serena63, Florida Atlantic University64, University of California, Davis65, University of Dar es Salaam66, Ramapo College67, Cyprus College68, Middle East Technical University69, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń70, University of the South Pacific71, Vrije Universiteit Brussel72, University at Albany, SUNY73, University of the Aegean74, University of Lethbridge75, University of Vienna76, University of Hong Kong77, Yuan Ze University78, Charles University in Prague79, Chonnam National University80, Indian Institutes of Technology81
TL;DR: The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is a self-report measure designed to assess the high-order personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Big Five Inventory (BFI) is a self-report measure designed to assess the high-order personality traits of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness. As part of the International Sexuality Description Project, the BFI was translated from English into 28 languages and administered to 17,837 individuals from 56 nations. The resulting cross-cultural data set was used to address three main questions: Does the factor structure of the English BFI fully replicate across cultures? How valid are the BFI trait profiles of individual nations? And how are personality traits distributed throughout the world? The five-dimensional structure was robust across major regions of the world. Trait levels were related in predictable ways to self-esteem, sociosexuality, and national personality profiles. People from the geographic regions of South America and East Asia were significantly different in openness from those inhabiting other world regions. The discussion focuses on limitations of t...

876 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Cornelius A. Rietveld1, Sarah E. Medland2, Jaime Derringer3, Jian Yang4  +227 moreInstitutions (62)
21 Jun 2013-Science
TL;DR: In this article, a genome-wide association study of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490 individuals, and three independent SNPs are genome wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266).
Abstract: A genome-wide association study of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent SNPs are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (R2 ≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈ 2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.

791 citations


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Book
08 Sep 2020
TL;DR: A review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species – frequent outliers.
Abstract: Behavioral scientists routinely publish broad claims about human psychology and behavior in the world's top journals based on samples drawn entirely from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Researchers - often implicitly - assume that either there is little variation across human populations, or that these "standard subjects" are as representative of the species as any other population. Are these assumptions justified? Here, our review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species - frequent outliers. The domains reviewed include visual perception, fairness, cooperation, spatial reasoning, categorization and inferential induction, moral reasoning, reasoning styles, self-concepts and related motivations, and the heritability of IQ. The findings suggest that members of WEIRD societies, including young children, are among the least representative populations one could find for generalizing about humans. Many of these findings involve domains that are associated with fundamental aspects of psychology, motivation, and behavior - hence, there are no obvious a priori grounds for claiming that a particular behavioral phenomenon is universal based on sampling from a single subpopulation. Overall, these empirical patterns suggests that we need to be less cavalier in addressing questions of human nature on the basis of data drawn from this particularly thin, and rather unusual, slice of humanity. We close by proposing ways to structurally re-organize the behavioral sciences to best tackle these challenges.

6,370 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Various findings are reviewed in relation to the idea that ACC is a part of a circuit involved in a form of attention that serves to regulate both cognitive and emotional processing, and how the success of this regulation in controlling responses might be correlated with cingulate size.

5,824 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: As an example of how the current "war on terrorism" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says "permanently marked" the generation that lived through it and had a "terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century."
Abstract: The present historical moment may seem a particularly inopportune time to review Bowling Alone, Robert Putnam's latest exploration of civic decline in America. After all, the outpouring of volunteerism, solidarity, patriotism, and self-sacrifice displayed by Americans in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks appears to fly in the face of Putnam's central argument: that \"social capital\" -defined as \"social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them\" (p. 19)'has declined to dangerously low levels in America over the last three decades. However, Putnam is not fazed in the least by the recent effusion of solidarity. Quite the contrary, he sees in it the potential to \"reverse what has been a 30to 40-year steady decline in most measures of connectedness or community.\"' As an example of how the current \"war on terrorism\" could generate a durable civic renewal, Putnam points to the burst in civic practices that occurred during and after World War II, which he says \"permanently marked\" the generation that lived through it and had a \"terrific effect on American public life over the last half-century.\" 3 If Americans can follow this example and channel their current civic

5,309 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man.
Abstract: Erik Eriksen is a remarkable individual. He has no college degrees yet is Professor of Human Development at Harvard University. He came to psychology via art, which explains why the reader will find him painting contexts and backgrounds rather than stating dull facts and concepts. He has been a training psychoanalyst for many years as well as a perceptive observer of cultural and social settings and their effect on growing up. This is not just a book on childhood. It is a panorama of our society. Anxiety in young children, apathy in American Indians, confusion in veterans of war, and arrogance in young Nazis are scrutinized under the psychoanalytic magnifying glass. The material is well written and devoid of technical jargon. The theme of the volume is that it is human to have a long childhood which will leave a lifelong residue of emotional immaturity in man. Primitive groups and

4,595 citations