Virus Diseases of Peanut

Assessment on impact of climate change on major crops in ecologically sensitive areas, viz. the Western Ghats (WG), coastal districts and northeastern (NE) states of India, using InfoCrop simulation model, projected varying impacts depending on location, climate, projected climate scenario, type of crop and its management. Irrigated rice and potato in the NE region, rice in the eastern coastal region and coconut in the WG are likely to gain. Irrigated maize, wheat and mustard in the NE and coastal regions, and rice, sorghum and maize in the WG may lose. Adaptation strategies such as change in variety and altered agronomy can, however, offset the impacts of climate change.

Impact of climate change on crop productivity in Western Ghats, coastal and northeastern regions of India

The UK Government’s first National Adaptation Programme seeks to create a ‘climate-ready society’ capable of making well-informed and far-sighted decisions to address risks and opportunities posed by a changing climate, where individual households are expected to adapt when it is in their interest to do so. How, and to what extent, households are able to do this remains unclear. Like other developed countries, research on UK adaptation has focused predominately on public and private organisations. To fill that gap, a systematic literature review was conducted to understand what actions UK households have taken in response to, or in anticipation of, a changing climate; what drives or impedes these actions; and whether households will act autonomously. We found that UK households struggle to build long-term adaptive capacity and are reliant upon traditional reactive coping responses. Of concern is that these coping responses are less effective for some climate risks (e.g. flooding); cost more over the long-term; and fail to create household capacity to adapt to other stresses. While low-cost, low-skill coping responses were already being implemented, the adoption of more permanent physical measures, behavioural changes, and acceptance of new responsibilities are unlikely to happen autonomously without further financial or government support. If public policy on household adaptation to climate change is to be better informed than more high-quality empirical research is urgently needed.

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What do we know about UK household adaptation to climate change? A systematic review

Spatial variability of climate change impacts on yield of rice and wheat in the Indian Ganga Basin

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) including nitric oxide (NO) are important components of stress signaling. However, RNS-mediated signaling in the apoplast remains largely unknown. NO production measured in the shoot apoplast of Brassica juncea seedlings showed nonenzymatic nitrite reduction to NO. Thiol pool quantification showed cold-induced increase in the protein (including S-nitrosothiols) as well as non protein thiols. Proteins from the apoplast were resolved as 109 spots on the 2-D gel, while S-nitrosoglutathione-treated (a NO donor), neutravidin-agarose affinity chromatography-purified S-nitrosylated proteins were resolved as 52 spots. Functional categorization after MALDI-TOF/TOF identification showed 41 and 38% targets to be metabolic/cell-wall-modifying and stress-related, respectively, suggesting the potential role(s) of S-nitrosylation in regulating these responses. Additionally, identification of cold-stress-modulated putative S-nitrosylated proteins by nLC-MS/MS showed that only 38.4% targets with increased S-nitrosylation were secreted by classical pathway, while the majority (61.6%) of these were secreted by unknown/nonclassical pathways. Cold-stress-increased dehydroascorbate reductase and glutathione S-transferase activity via S-nitrosylation and promoted ROS detoxification by ascorbate regeneration and hydrogen peroxide detoxification. Taken together, cold-mediated NO production, thiol pool enrichment, and identification of the 48 putative S-nitrosylated proteins, including 25 novel targets, provided the preview of RNS-mediated cold-stress signaling in the apoplast.

S-nitrosylation analysis in Brassica juncea apoplast highlights the importance of nitric oxide in cold-stress signaling.

Assessing the vulnerability of Indian mustard to climate change

Agriculture the major economic and social activity in the globe. It is understood that agriculture is highly
sensitive to climatic variability and likely to be affected most to predicted climate change. The fourth assessment
report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reconfirmed that the phenomenon of existence of
climate change in recent decades is due to anthropogenic activities. It is also revealed the availability of wide array
of adaptation options for agro-ecosystem to cope up with the impact of climate change. However, it is important
to design more extensive adaptation strategies to reduce vulnerability of agriculture and rural poor to impacts of
climate change. Climate change impacts and responses are presently observed as autonomous adaptation in the
physical and ecological systems as well as in human adjustments to resource availability and risks at different
spatial and trophic levels. But these strategies are not enough to reduce the current anthropogenic driven climate
change, so there is a need to adopt the planned adaptation. This paper reviews the findings based on the series
of studies carried across the globe on the potential adaptation strategies to alleviate the impact of climate change
by improving the resilience of the agro-ecosystems. Adaptation strategies have to be in place to reduce vulnerability
to climate change through developing consensus between industrialized countries and developing countries at
global scale, whereas new public policies in place at national regional and local level is prudent to support
adaptation research, insurances, incentives to farmers to adapt new technologies.

Climate change adaptation strategies for agro-ecosystem – a review

Coconut shell derived ZnCl2 activated carbon for malachite green dye removal.

This paper presents the current status and production potential of rain-fed agricultural and to suggest measures to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change on the goal to achieve food security through sustainable increase in agricultural production in rain-fed areas. An insight into the rain-fed regions shows a grim picture of water-scarcity, fragile ecosystem, drought and land degradation due to soil erosion, by wind, water and nutrient mining, low rain water use efficiency (35-45 per cent), high population pressure, poverty, low investments in water use efficiency measures, poor infrastructure and inappropriate policies. Evidence from a long-term study at the ICRISAT center, Patancheru, India, since 1976, demonstrated that through improved land, water and nutrient management in rainfed agriculture, sorghum/pigeonpea intercrop system produced higher mean grain yields compared to the traditional system where the crop is grown on stored soil moisture with the application of 5 FYM once in two years. The annual gain in grain yield in the improved system was 82 kg per year compared to 23 kg per year in traditional system. Unless appropriate adaptation and mitigation measures are taken, it will be difficult to achieve such higher yield to bridge the yield gaps under climate change scenarios with growing water scarcity and increasing degradation of natural resources.

Climate change and sustainable rain-fed agriculture: challenges and opportunities.

Activated carbon produced from coconut shells has been gaining interest in wastewater treatment as a potential carbon source for adsorption with desired porosity, surface area, and stability requir...

K. Boomiraj

Papers

Assessing the vulnerability of Indian mustard to climate change

Climate change adaptation strategies for agro-ecosystem – a review

Coconut shell derived ZnCl2 activated carbon for malachite green dye removal.

Climate change and sustainable rain-fed agriculture: challenges and opportunities.

Comparative adsorption study of malachite green dye on acid-activated carbon