This chapter introduces the finite element method (FEM) as a tool for solution of classical electromagnetic problems. Although we discuss the main points in the application of the finite element method to electromagnetic design, including formulation and implementation, those who seek deeper understanding of the finite element method should consult some of the works listed in the bibliography section.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method

This review summarizes and organizes the literature on life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) studies carried out for environmental evaluation of buildings and building related industry and sector (including construction products, construction systems, buildings, and civil engineering constructions). The review shows that most LCA and LCEA are carried out in what is shown as “exemplary buildings”, that is, buildings that have been designed and constructed as low energy buildings, but there are very few studies on “traditional buildings”, that is, buildings such as those mostly found in our cities. Similarly, most studies are carried out in urban areas, while rural areas are not well represented in the literature. Finally, studies are not equally distributed around the world.

Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) of buildings and the building sector: A review

In the modern economy, international value chains--production, use, and disposal of goods--have global environmental impacts. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) aims to track these impacts and assess them from a systems perspective, identifying strategies for improvement without burden shifting. We review recent developments in LCA, including existing and emerging applications aimed at supporting environmentally informed decisions in policy-making, product development and procurement, and consumer choices. LCA constitutes a viable screening tool that can pinpoint environmental hotspots in complex value chains, but we also caution that completeness in scope comes at the price of simplifications and uncertainties. Future advances of LCA in enhancing regional detail and accuracy as well as broadening the assessment to economic and social aspects will make it more relevant for producers and consumers alike.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/344/6188/1109.full.pdf

Emerging approaches, challenges and opportunities in life cycle assessment

Review of passive PCM latent heat thermal energy storage systems towards buildings’ energy efficiency

The Global Energy Assessment (GEA) brings together over 300 international researchers to provide an independent, scientifically based, integrated and policy-relevant analysis of current and emerging energy issues and options. It has been peer-reviewed anonymously by an additional 200 international experts. The GEA assesses the major global challenges for sustainable development and their linkages to energy; the technologies and resources available for providing energy services; future energy systems that address the major challenges; and the policies and other measures that are needed to realize transformational change toward sustainable energy futures. The GEA goes beyond existing studies on energy issues by presenting a comprehensive and integrated analysis of energy chalenges, opportunities and strategies, for developing, industrialized and emerging economies. This volume is a invaluable resource for energy specialists and technologists in all sectors (academia, industry and government) as well as policymakers, development economists and practitioners in international organizations and national governments.

Global Energy Assessment: Toward a Sustainable Future

Life cycle energy analysis of buildings: An overview

Post-buckling analysis of functionally graded rectangular plates

Life cycle energy analysis of a residential building with different envelopes and climates in Indian context

Life cycle approach in evaluating energy performance of residential buildings in Indian context

The paper presents the non-linear flexural and dynamic response of CNT reinforced laminated composite plates using fast converging finite double Chebyshev polynomials. Halpin–Tsai model is used for evaluating the properties of matrix by dispersing CNT in it. Thereafter, CNT reinforced polymer matrix is treated as new matrix and then reinforced with E-Glass fiber in an orthotropic manner. Mathematical formulation of the laminated plate is based on first order shear deformation theory and von-Karman non-linear kinematics. Houbolt time marching scheme and quadratic extrapolation techniques are used for temporal discretization and linearization, respectively. The effects of CNT % and its aspect ratio on the non-linear flexural and dynamic response of the laminated composite plates are presented.

K.K. Shukla

Papers

Life cycle energy analysis of buildings: An overview

Post-buckling analysis of functionally graded rectangular plates

Life cycle energy analysis of a residential building with different envelopes and climates in Indian context

Life cycle approach in evaluating energy performance of residential buildings in Indian context

Non-linear flexural and dynamic response of CNT reinforced laminated composite plates