Remediation of dyes in textile effluent: a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternative

Pyrolysis is one of the thermochemical technologies for converting biomass into energy and chemical products consisting of liquid bio-oil, solid biochar, and pyrolytic gas. Depending on the heating rate and residence time, biomass pyrolysis can be divided into three main categories slow (conventional), fast and flash pyrolysis mainly aiming at maximising either the bio-oil or biochar yields. Synthesis gas or hydrogen-rich gas can also be the target of biomass pyrolysis. Maximised gas rates can be achieved through the catalytic pyrolysis process, which is now increasingly being developed. Biomass pyrolysis generally follows a three-step mechanism comprising of dehydration, primary and secondary reactions. Dehydrogenation, depolymerisation, and fragmentation are the main competitive reactions during the primary decomposition of biomass. A number of parameters affect the biomass pyrolysis process, yields and properties of products. These include the biomass type, biomass pretreatment (physical, chemical, and biological), reaction atmosphere, temperature, heating rate and vapour residence time. This manuscript gives a general summary of the properties of the pyrolytic products and their analysis methods. Also provided are a review of the parameters that affect biomass pyrolysis and a summary of the state of industrial pyrolysis technologies.

Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis: A review of product properties and effects of pyrolysis parameters

Removal of Congo Red from water by adsorption onto activated carbon prepared from coir pith, an agricultural solid waste

Use of activated carbons prepared from sawdust and rice-husk for adsorption of acid dyes: a case study of Acid Yellow 36

The preparation of active carbons from coal by chemical and physical activation

Experimental study of the production of activated carbon from coconut shells in a fluidized bed reactor

Halloysite/alginate nanocomposite beads: Kinetics, equilibrium and mechanism for lead adsorption

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Colour removal from a dyestuff industry effluent using activated carbon

Voidage characteristics and prediction of bed expansion in liquid–solid inverse fluidized bed

Generalized equations for predicting minimum fluidization velocities in two-phase L-S and three-phase G-L-S inverse fluidized bed are developed covering a wide range of variables using the experimental data obtained from the present work and that available in the literature. It is found that the classical Wen and Yu equation for predicting minimum fluidization velocity can satisfactorily be used for two-phase inverse fluidized bed. A model based on empiricism and another based on the gas perturbed liquid model, which reduce to limiting conditions such as liquid solid and three-phase batch liquid systems are proposed.

K. Krishnaiah

Papers

Experimental study of the production of activated carbon from coconut shells in a fluidized bed reactor

Halloysite/alginate nanocomposite beads: Kinetics, equilibrium and mechanism for lead adsorption

Colour removal from a dyestuff industry effluent using activated carbon

Voidage characteristics and prediction of bed expansion in liquid–solid inverse fluidized bed

Prediction of Minimum Fluidization Velocity in Two and Three Phase Inverse Fluidized Beds