K. S. Rao

Bio: K. S. Rao is an academic researcher from Sardar Patel University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Xylem & Cambium. The author has an hindex of 9, co-authored 41 publications receiving 281 citations. Previous affiliations of K. S. Rao include Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.

Overexpression of a Plasma Membrane Bound Na+/H+ Antiporter-Like Protein (SbNHXLP) Confers Salt Tolerance and Improves Fruit Yield in Tomato by Maintaining Ion Homeostasis

Abstract: A Na+/H+ antiporter-like protein (NHXLP) was isolated from Sorghum bicolor L. (SbNHXLP) and validated by overexpressing in tomato for salt tolerance. Homozygous T2 transgenic lines when evaluated for salt tolerance, accumulated low Na+ and displayed enhanced salt tolerance compared to wild-type plants (WT). This is consistent with the amiloride binding assay of the protein. Transgenics exhibited higher accumulation of proline, K+, Ca2+, improved cambial conductivity, higher PSII, and antioxidative enzyme activities than WT. Fluorescence imaging results revealed lower Na+ and higher Ca2+ levels in transgenic roots. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that SbNHXLP interacts with a Solanum lycopersicum cation proton antiporter protein2 (SlCHX2). qRT-PCR results showed upregulation of SbNHXLP and SlCHX2 upon treatment with 200 mM NaCl and 100 mM potassium nitrate. SlCHX2 is known to be involved in K+ acquisition, and the interaction between these two proteins might help to accumulate more K+ ions, and thus maintain ion homeostasis. These results strongly suggest that plasma membrane bound SbNHXLP involves in Na+ exclusion, maintains ion homeostasis in transgenics in comparison with WT and alleviates NaCl stress.

Relationship between seasonal cambial activity, development of xylem and phenology in Azadirachta indica growing in different forests of Gujarat State

Abstract: Seasonal cycle of cambial activity was compared among the trees of Azadirachta indica growing in Moist Deciduous (MDF), Dry Deciduous (DDF) and Scrub land Forest (SF) of Gujarat State. Radial growth occurred in two growth flushes in MDF and DDF. Cambial cell divisions in MDF started in February and June resulting maximal radial growth in August-September when the rains were heavy and ceased in January and May during the drier part of the year. In DDF the first flush of growth commenced in January with maximal xylem development in April and ceased in May. The second flush of cambial activity began in June with the arrival of rains, reached peak in October and ceased in December. Cambium was active throughout the year in SF and attained its peak activity thrice i.e. in February, July and October. With complete maturation of leaves in November, the cell divisions were rather slow in MDF and SF whereas no divisions were encountered in DDF. Cambial rays exhibited large intercellular spaces during drier months in all the three fo- rests. Seasonal behavior of vascular cambium was discussed in relation to phenology and local climatic conditions.

Cambial anatomy and absence of rays in the stem of Boerhaavia species (Nyctaginaceae)

Abstract: Structure of vascular cambium and its derivatives in Boerhaavia diffusa L., B. verticillata Poir. and B. rependa Willd. (Nyctaginaceae) was studied by anatomical methods.The stem revealed anomalous secondary growth characterised by the development of successive rings of xylem and phloem. The cambium was exclusively composed of fusiform initials giving rise to rayless secondary vascular tissues. While undergoing periclinal divisions cambium appeared nonstoried but remained storied when the divisions ceased. Each successive ring of cambium was originated from the outermost phloem parenchyma cells. The cambial ring was functionally segmented into fascicular and interfascicular regions, the former mainly producing conducting elements of xylem and phloem and the latter giving rise to parenchyma cells. The parenchyma cells on the xylem side developed into conjunctive tissue following thickening and lignification of cell walls. However, in B. verticillata and B. rependa the parenchyma cells on the pholem side also became lignified. In B. diffusa parenchyma cells did not undergo lignification. As a result, alternate bands of lignified and parenchyma bands became distinct in the stem. Vessel elements were short with simple perforation plate on slightly oblique to transverse endwall. Sieve tube members were slightly shorter as compared to the fusiform cambial cells.

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF ACTIVE AND DORMANT CAMBIAL CELLS IN TEAK (TECTONA GRANDIS L. f)

Abstract: SUMMARY Cytological changes in the ultrastructure of cambial cells of teak (Tectona grandis) during active and dormant periods have been studied after glutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide fixation. The fusiform and ray initials are essentially alike in their ultrastructure and all have cellular organelles. Active cambial cells are highly vacuolated and are rich in all organelles. They contain rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER), polysomes, dictyosomes with hypertrophied cisternae, mitochondria and plastids with starch. The plastids are characterized by the presence of varying amounts of a dark intralamellar inclusion which is considered to be a protein. Microfilament bundles, 0.05 to 0.2 um in width, occur frequently in the parietal cytoplasm. Dormant cambial cells have numerous small vacuoles, smooth ER, free ribosomes and a few inactive dictyosomes. In addition to the dark inclusion, plastids contain what are thought to be phytoferritin granules and prolamellar bodies. Branched plasmodesmata and paramural bodies are associated with the cambial cell walls.

Methods Of Enzymatic Analysis

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Handbook of Photosynthesis

Abstract: Preface Principles of Photosynthesis Mechanisms of Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution and the Fundamental Hypotheses of Photosynthesis (Yuzeir Zeinalov) Thermoluminescence as a Tool in the study of Photosynthesis (Anil S. Bhagwat and Swapan K. Bhattachrjee) Biochemistry of Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Biosynthesis - A review (Benoit Schoefs and Martine Bertrand) Chloroplast Biogenesis 90, Probing the Relationship between Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Routes and the Topography of Chloroplast Biogenesis by Resonance Excitation Energy Transfer Determinations (Constantin A. Rebeiz, Karen J. Kopetz, and Vladimir L. Kolossov, USA) Protochlorophyllide Photoreduction - A review (Martine Bertrand and Benoit Schoefs) Formation and Demolition of Chloroplast during Leaf Ontogeny (Basanti Biswal) Role of Phosphorus in Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism (Anna M. Rychter and I.M. Rao) Inhibition on Inactivation of Higher Plant Chloroplast Electron Transport (Rita Barr and Frederick L. Crane) Molecular Aspects of Photosynthesis: Photosystems, Photosynthetic Enzymes and Genes Photosystem I Structures and Functions (Teisuo Hiyama) Covalent Modification of Photosystem II Reaction-Center Polypeptides (Julian P. Whitelegge) Reactive Oxygen Species as Signaling Molecules Controlling Stress Adaptation in Plants (Tsanko Gechev, Ilya Gadjev, Stefan Dukiandjiev, and Ivan Minkov) Plastid Morphogenesis (Jan Hudak, Eliska Galova, and Lenka Zemanova) Plastid Proteases (Dennis E. Buetow) Supramolecular Organization of Water-Soluble Photosynthetic Enzymes Along the Thylakoid Membranes in Chloroplasts (Jayashree K. Sainis and Michael Melzer) Cytochrome C6 Genes in Cyanobacteria and Higher Plants (Kwok Ki Ho) Atmospheric and Environmental Factors Affecting Photosynthesis External and Internal Factors Responsible for Midday Depression of Photosynthesis (Da-Quan Xu and Yun-Kang Shen) Root Oxygen Depravation and the Reduction of Leaf Stomatal Aperture and Gas Exchange Effects on Photosynthesis (R.E. Sojka, H.D. Scott, and D.M. Oosterhuis) Rising Atmospheric CO2 and C4 Photosynthesis (Joseph C.V. Vu) Influence of High Light Intensity on Photosynthesis: Photoinhibition and Energy Dissipation (Robert Carpentier) Development of Functional Thylakoid Membranes: Regulation by Light and Hormones (Peter Nyitrai) Photosynthetic Pathways in Various Crop Plants Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation of C3, C4 and CAM Pathways (Anil S. Bhagwat) Photosynthesis in Non-Typical C4 Species (Maria Valeria Lara and Carlos Santiago Andreo) Photosynthesis in Lower and Monocellular Plants Regulation of Phycobilisome Biosynthesis and Degradation in Cyanobacteria (Johannes Geiselmann, Jean Houmard, and Benoit Schoefs) Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Short-Term and Long-Term Regulation of Photosynthesis During Leaf Development (Dan Stessman, Martin Spalding, and Steven Rodermel) Recent Advances in Chloroplast Development in Higher Plants (Ilia D. Denev, Galina T. Yahubian, and Ivan N. Minkov) Photosynthesis in Different Plant Parts Photosynthesis in Leaf, Stem, Flower, and Fruit (Abdul Wahid, and Ejaz Rasul) Photosynthesis and Plant/Crop Productivity and Photosynthetic Products Photosynthetic Plant Productivity (Lubomir Natr and David W. Lawlor) Photosynthates Formation and Partitioning in Crop Plants (Alberto A. Iglesias and F.E. Podesta) Photosynthesis and Plant Genetics Crop Radiation Use Efficiency - Avenue for Genetic Improvement (G.V. Subbarao, O. Ito, and W.L. Berry) Physiological Perspectives on Improving Crop Adaptation to Drought - Justification for a Systemic Compnent-Based Approach (G.V. Subbarao, O. Ito, R. Serraj, J.H. Crouch, S. Tobita, K. Okada, C.T. Hash, R. Ortiz, and W.L. Berry) Photosynthetic Activity Measurements and Analysis of Photosynthetic Pigments Whole-Plant CO2 Exchange as a Non-Invasive Tool for Measuring Growth (Evangelos D. Leonardos, and Bernard Grodzinski) Approaches to Measuring Plant Photosynthetic Activity (Elena Masarovicova and Katarina Kralova) Analysis of Photosynthetic Pigments: An Update (Martine Bertrand, Jose L. Garrido, and Benoit Schoefs) Photosynthesis and Its Relationship with other Plant Physiological Processes Photosynthesis, Respiration, and the Limits to Growth (Bruce N. Smith, Heidi A. Summers, Emily A. Keller, and Tonya Thygerson) Nitrogen Assimilation and Carbon Metabolism (Alberto A. Iglesias, Maria J. Estrella, and Fernando Pieckenstain) Leaf Senescence (Agnieszka Mostowska) Photosynthesis Under Environmental Stress Conditions Photosynthesis in Plants under Stressful Conditions (Rama Shanker Dubey) Photosynthetic Response of Green Plants to Environmental Stress: Inhibition of Photosynthesis and Adaptational Mechanisms (Basanti Biswal) Salt and Drought Stress Effects on Photosynthesis, Enzyme Cohesion and High Turn Over Metabolite Shuttling, Essential for Functioning of Pathways, Is Impaired by Changes in Cytosolic Water Potential (B, Huchzermeyer and H.W. Koyro) Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism of Crops under Salt Stress (Bruria Heuer) Photosynthesis under Drought Stress (Habib-ur-Rahman Athar and Muhammad Ashraf) Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Stomatal Limitation to Photosynthesis During Water Stress (Jana Pospisilova and Ian C. Dodd) Adverse Effects of UV-B Light on the Structure and Function of the Photosynthetic Apparatus (Imre Vass, Andras Szilard, and Cosmin Sicora) Heavy Metal Toxicity Induced Alterations in Photosynthetic Metabolism in Plants (Shruti Mishra and R.S, Dubey) Effects of Heavy Metals on Chlorophyll-Protein Complexes in Higher Plants: Causes and Consequences (Eva Sarvari) Photosynthesis in the Past, Present, and Future The Origin and Evolution of C4 Photosynthesis (Bruce N. Smith)

Tensional stress generation in gelatinous fibres: a review and possible mechanism based on cell-wall structure and composition

Abstract: Gelatinous fibres are specialized fibres, distinguished by the presence of an inner, gelatinous cell-wall layer. In recent years, they have attracted increasing interest since their walls have a desirable chemical composition (low lignin, low pentosan, and high cellulose contents) for applications such as saccharification and biofuel production, and they have interesting mechanical properties, being capable of generating high tensional stress. However, the unique character of gelatinous layer has not yet been widely recognized. The first part of this review presents a model of gelatinous-fibre organization and stresses the unique character of the gelatinous layer as a separate type of cell-wall layer, different from either primary or secondary wall layers. The second part discusses major current models of tensional stress generation by these fibres and presents a novel unifying model based on recent advances in knowledge of gelatinous wall structure. Understanding this mechanism could potentially lead to novel biomimetic developments in material sciences.

Insights into the Physiological and Biochemical Impacts of Salt Stress on Plant Growth and Development

Abstract: Climate change is causing soil salinization, resulting in crop losses throughout the world The ability of plants to tolerate salt stress is determined by multiple biochemical and molecular pathways Here we discuss physiological, biochemical, and cellular modulations in plants in response to salt stress Knowledge of these modulations can assist in assessing salt tolerance potential and the mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance in plants Salinity-induced cellular damage is highly correlated with generation of reactive oxygen species, ionic imbalance, osmotic damage, and reduced relative water content Accelerated antioxidant activities and osmotic adjustment by the formation of organic and inorganic osmolytes are significant and effective salinity tolerance mechanisms for crop plants In addition, polyamines improve salt tolerance by regulating various physiological mechanisms, including rhizogenesis, somatic embryogenesis, maintenance of cell pH, and ionic homeostasis This research project focuses on three strategies to augment salinity tolerance capacity in agricultural crops: salinity-induced alterations in signaling pathways; signaling of phytohormones, ion channels, and biosensors; and expression of ion transporter genes in crop plants (especially in comparison to halophytes)

Intrinsic Regulation of Cambial Growth

Abstract: Secondary growth in trees is an attractive system for explaining, through concerted research into mRNA, proteomics, and cell biology, how eukaryotic cellular differentiation is regulated. Differentiation pursuits by genetically uniform cambial derivatives are diverse, less than perfectly repetitive in time and space, and readily modified experimentally. Within each zone of both xylo- and phloiogenesis, competence for at least pluripotent, and not uncommonly totipotent, development evidently is retained. Thus, hypothetical concepts of cellular differentiation ‘programs’ and ‘determined histogenesis’ lack support beyond formation and continuing perpetuation of cambium as template for production of similarly shaped and sized daughter cells. The several distinct developmental zones of wood formation manifest metabolic plateaus, and their transitional regions indicate where equilibrium becomes overbalanced and cascades to the next step, changing cells biochemically, hence anatomically, into differentiated states. It remains unclear if differential gene expression during wood formation is strictly of a quantitative nature or if it also varies qualitatively. In addition to selective transcription, another plausible regulatory mechanism is quantitatively varying but still totipotent expression of so-called ‘housekeeping’ genes modulated through spatial information and changing environments, for example, at levels of mRNA supply and stability. The environment of fusiform and ray cells of the cambial region comprises, in addition to dynamic maintenance metabolism, fluxes in phytohormones, carbohydrates, water, O 2 , root nutriment, and physical factors capable of influencing both gene expression and enzyme kinetics. In addition to phloem and xylem transport, intercellular communication is normal to cambium and its differentiating derivatives; thus, the procambium-cambium continuum appears to be a living ‘fibre’ communication network plausibly serving to integrate growth and development throughout the whole plant.