Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain—3-Dimensional Proportional System: An Approach to Cerebral Imaging, J. Talairach, P. Tournoux. Georg Thieme Verlag, New York (1988), 122 pp., 130 figs. DM 268

Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data

We review the discovery, characterization, and evolving use of the N400, an event-related brain potential response linked to meaning processing. We describe the elicitation of N400s by an impressive range of stimulus types—including written, spoken, and signed words or pseudowords; drawings, photos, and videos of faces, objects, and actions; sounds; and mathematical symbols—and outline the sensitivity of N400 amplitude (as its latency is remarkably constant) to linguistic and nonlinguistic manipulations. We emphasize the effectiveness of the N400 as a dependent variable for examining almost every aspect of language processing and highlight its expanding use to probe semantic memory and to determine how the neurocognitive system dynamically and flexibly uses bottom-up and top-down information to make sense of the world. We conclude with different theories of the N400’s functional significance and offer an N400-inspired reconceptualization of how meaning processing might unfold.

/pdf/thirty-years-and-counting-finding-meaning-in-the-n400-5cefgd0i8p.pdf

Thirty years and counting: Finding meaning in the N400 component of the event related brain potential (ERP)

Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1994, Vol 39(2), 225. Reviews the book, The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion by John Zaller (1992). The author's commendable effort to specify a model of mass opinion formation offers readers an introduction to the prevailing vi

The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion.

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An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension

http://kutaslab.ucsd.edu/people/kutas/pdfs/1999.JML.469.pdf

A Rose by Any Other Name: Long-Term Memory Structure and Sentence Processing

Reviewed are studies using event-related potentials to examine when and how sentence context information is used during language comprehension. Results suggest that, when it can, the brain uses context to predict features of likely upcoming items. However, although prediction seems important for comprehension, it also appears susceptible to age-related deterioration and can be associated with processing costs. The brain may address this trade-off by employing multiple processing strategies, distributed across the two cerebral hemispheres. In particular, left hemisphere language processing seems to be oriented toward prediction and the use of top-down cues, whereas right hemisphere comprehension is more bottom-up, biased toward the veridical maintenance of information. Such asymmetries may arise, in turn, because language comprehension mechanisms are integrated with language production mechanisms only in the left hemisphere (the PARLO framework).

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00531.x

Kara D. Federmeier

Papers

Thirty years and counting: Finding meaning in the N400 component of the event related brain potential (ERP)

Electrophysiology reveals semantic memory use in language comprehension

A Rose by Any Other Name: Long-Term Memory Structure and Sentence Processing

Thinking ahead: The role and roots of prediction in language comprehension.

Event-related brain potentials.