Scientific work is heterogeneous, requiring many different actors and viewpoints. It also requires cooperation. The two create tension between divergent viewpoints and the need for generalizable findings. We present a model of how one group of actors managed this tension. It draws on the work of amateurs, professionals, administrators and others connected to the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, during its early years. Extending the Latour-Callon model of interessement, two major activities are central for translating between viewpoints: standardization of methods, and the development of 'boundary objects'. Boundary objects are both adaptable to different viewpoints and robust enough to maintain identity across them. We distinguish four types of boundary objects: repositories, ideal types, coincident boundaries and standardized forms.

and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39

Scientific work is heterogeneous, requiring many different actors and viewpoints. It also requires cooperation. The two create tension between divergent viewpoints and the need for generalizable findings. We present a model of how one group of actors managed this tension. It draws on the work of amateurs, professionals, administrators and others connected to the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at the University of California, Berkeley, during its early years. Extending the Latour-Callon model of interessement, two major activities are central for translating between viewpoints: standardization of methods, and the development of `boundary objects'. Boundary objects are both adaptable to different viewpoints and robust enough to maintain identity across them. We distinguish four types of boundary objects: repositories, ideal types, coincident boundaries and standardized forms.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/285080.pdf

Institutional Ecology, `Translations' and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39:

This example is provided so that non-theorists may see actual applications of the theory previously described. The Dickcissel sex ratio is employed as an indirect index of suitability. A sex ratio index was found to be correlated positively with density. This is consistent with the hypothesis that territorial behavior in the males of this species limits their density. This study provides a valid example of how the problem can be approached and offers a first step in the eventual identification of the role of territorial behavior in the habitat distribution of a common species.

/pdf/on-territorial-behavior-and-other-factors-influencing-6u6llonho3.pdf

On territorial behavior and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds

/pdf/homage-to-santa-rosalia-or-why-are-there-so-many-kinds-of-2n09h5p3v0.pdf

Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals

http://www.csun.edu/%7Edgray/BE528/Hamilton1971Selfish_herd.pdf

Geometry for the selfish herd.

This classic work by Julian Huxley, first published in 1942, captured and synthesized all that was then known about evolutionary biology and gave a name to the Modern Synthesis, the conceptual structure underlying the field for most of the twentieth century. Many considered Huxley's book a popularization of the ideas then emerging in evolutionary biology, but in fact Evolution: The Modern Synthesis is a work of serious scholarship that is also accessible to the general educated public. It is a book in the intellectual tradition of Charles Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley--Julian Huxley's grandfather, known for his energetic championing of Darwin's ideas. A contemporary reviewer called Evolution: The Modern Synthesis "the outstanding evolutionary treatise of the decade, perhaps the century." This definitive edition brings one of the most important and successful scientific books of the twentieth century back into print. It includes the entire text of the 1942 edition, Huxley's introduction to the 1963 second edition (which demonstrates his continuing command of the field), and the introduction to the 1974 third edition, written by nine experts (many of them Huxley's associates) from different areas of evolutionary biology.

Evolution the Modern Synthesis

Principles of Animal Ecology

DONCASTER, L. 1907. Anatomischer Auzeiger, 31: 168-169. ~lAKNING, F.]. 1948. Sex determination in the honey-bee, 100 pp., 9 figs., Stoke-on-Trent. 1949a. Microscope, 7: 175-180. 1949b. Microscope, 7: 209--211. 1949c. Microscope, 7: 237-241. 1949d. Microscope, 7: 259. 1950a. Microscope, 8: 2 pp. 1950b. Microscope, 8: 1 p. MEVES, F. 1907. Arch. mik. Anat., 70: 414491. NACHTSHEBI, H. 1913. Arch. Zellforch., 11: 169-241. PETRUNKEWITSCH, A. 1901. Zoo!' jahrb., Anat. u. Ont., 14: 57~8. SANDERSON, A. R., AND D. W. HALL. 1948. Nature (London), 162: 34-35.

Karl P. Schmidt

Papers

Evolution the Modern Synthesis

Principles of Animal Ecology

Principles of Animal Ecology

Principles of animal ecology

The Salamanders of New York