All-optical logic gates have proven their significance in the digital world for the implementation of high-speed computations. We propose herein a novel structure for an all-optical AND gate using the concept of a power combiner based on a Y-shaped metal–insulator–metal waveguide with a 4 µm × 7 µm footprint. This design works based on the principle of linear interference. The insertion loss and extinction ratio of the design are given as 0.165 and 14.11 dB, respectively. The design is analyzed by using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and verified using MATLAB. The minimized structure can be used to design any complex logic circuit to achieve better performance in the future.

The design, analysis, and simulation of an optimized all-optical AND gate using a Y-shaped plasmonic waveguide for high-speed computing devices

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11082-021-03374-0.pdf

Design and analysis of a photonic crystal-based all-optical 3-input OR gate for high-speed optical processing

All-optical logic gates are exceptionally suited for Boolean ultrahigh-speed operation and logical computing. This study presents a plasmonic model that uses a Y-shaped metal-insulator-metal waveguide structure that realizes the ultrafast all-optical AND, XOR, and XNOR gate operation that is developed at a footprint of 6.6µm×3.4µm with a wavelength of 1.55 µm. This construction relies on the notion of linear interference. The insertion loss and extinction ratio of the model are observed as 1.49 dB and 21.49 dB for AND, 1.03 dB and 18.97 dB for XOR, and 2.06 dB, and 10.92 dB for XNOR, respectively. The transmission efficiency, response time, and speed of the structure also are calculated and are used to improve the performance of any complex circuit in the future. The theoretical analysis of the proposed structure is carried out using the finite-difference time-domain method.

Design and characteristic analysis of an all-optical AND, XOR, and XNOR Y-shaped MIM waveguide for high-speed information processing.

In this article, photonic crystal (PhC) based all-optical logic gates, namely AND, OR and EX-OR have been explored and their characteristics are reported. Two-dimensional (2D) PhC based logic gates are proposed using a hexagonal lattice with T-shaped structure by incorporating line defects. The total size of the device is 84 µm2 and it operates at a wavelength of 1550 nm (C band). The designed optical logic gates are investigated using 2D finite difference time domain simulators by means of the plane wave expansion method. Parameters, such as response time and contrast ratio of the designed all-optic logic gates, are analyzed. The proposed AND, OR and EX-OR logic gates offer a contrast ratio of 14.48 dB, 14.57 dB and 12.9 dB respectively with, in order, response times of 0.159 ps, 0.168 ps and 0.1672 ps. The designed logic gates work in the third optical window as they are operating at the 1550 nm wavelength. To specify the performance of the proposed logic gates, their field distribution has been determined and is exhibited. The designed logic gates are suitable for use in photonic integrated circuits, all optical computing and optical sensing applications.

2D- PhC based all optical AND, OR and EX-OR logic gates with high contrast ratio operating at C band

A novel design for an ultracompact optical majority gate based on a ring resonator on photonic crystal substrate

We propose a photonic crystal-based all-optical AND, OR, and XOR logic gates using square lattice silicon rods with air background. The design of proposed logic gates works on beam interference principle and operates efficiently by changing phase of light beams at 1550 nm wavelength. The proposed AOX logic gates are implemented with only one structure with variations in the phase of applied input signals. Simulation and verification of design are done by using finite-difference time-domain method. The design offers a contrast ratio of 33.05 dB, 10.50 dB, and 8.29 dB of proposed AND, OR, and XOR logic gates correspondingly with optimized refractive index and silicon rod radius values.

Karyabhattu Seeta Rama Raju

Papers

Design of all-optical AND, OR, and XOR logic gates using photonic crystals for switching applications

Implementation of all-optical 3-dB and 10-dB directional coupler for switching applications