Kaushik Perkari

Bio: Kaushik Perkari is an academic researcher from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. The author has co-authored 1 publications.

Fighting and doping: Professional mixed martial artists experience and exposure to performance-enhancing substances and supplements

Abstract: In the last few decades, mixed martial arts (MMA) has grown to become a mainstream sport, broadcasted worldwide. The increased commercialization, structure, and physical requirements of the sport arguably make the use of performance-enhancing drugs (PED) attractive to MMA fighters. In contrast, cultural aspects within MMA and diverse expressions of masculinity may temper PED use. Yet, the sport has received little empirical inquiry. This exploratory study sought to understand MMA fighters’ experience and exposure to PED and sport supplements. Specifically, how fighters learn about, use, and rationalize the use of these substances was explored, along with cultural aspects of the sport that may influence use. Furthermore, given the rapid rise of this sport, generational differences between veterans and early-career fighters were examined. Seventeen semi-structured interviews with professional MMA fighters were conducted and analyzed using a two-cycle coding method. The presentation of results was organized into four categories: learning and conversing, supplement and PED use, rationalization of use, and MMA contextual factors. Multiple misconceptions existed and the use of both supplements and performance-enhancing substances followed similar justifications linked to recovery, performance enhancement, and deficiency correction. Marijuana emerged as a debated performance-enhancing substance. Experimentation was common and knowledge acquisition strategies differed based on career stage and standing within the fighting and doping community. Fighters acknowledged the pressure to dope. However, cultural aspects of the sport and a purity perspective provide deterrents to both supplement and PED use. The implications of these findings, along with recommendations for future research are discussed.

Synthetic Peptides in Doping Control: A Powerful Tool for an Analytical Challenge

Abstract: Peptides are very diverse molecules that can participate in a wide variety of biological processes. In this way, peptides are attractive for doping, since these molecules can activate or trigger biological processes that can improve the sports performance of athletes. Peptide molecules are found in the official World Anti-Doping Agency lists, mainly in sections S2, S4, and S5. In most cases, these molecules have a very short half-life in the body and/or are identical to natural molecules in the body, making it difficult to analyze them as performance-enhancing drugs. This article reviews the role of peptides in doping, with special emphasis on the peptides used as reference materials, the pretreatment of samples in biological matrices, the instrumentation, and the validation of analytical methodologies for the analysis of peptides used in doping. The growing need to characterize and quantify these molecules, especially in complex biological matrices, has generated the need to search for robust strategies that allow for obtaining sensitive and conclusive results. In this sense, strategies such as solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), seeking to obtain specific peptides, metabolites, or isotopically labeled analogs, is a key tool for adequate quantification of different peptide molecules in biological matrices. This, together with the use of optimal methodologies for sample pretreatment (e.g., SPE or protein precipitation), and for subsequent analysis by high-resolution techniques (mainly hyphenated LC-HRMS techniques), have become the preferred instrumentation to meet the analytical challenge involved in the analysis of peptides in complex matrices.