PL. EEG correlates of taskengagement and mental workload in vigilance, learning, and memorytasks. Aviat Space Environ Med 2007; 78(5, Suppl.):B23144.Introduction: The ability to continuously and unobtrusively monitorlevels of task engagement and mental workload in an operational envi-ronment could be useful in identifying more accurate and efÞcientmethods for humans to interact with technology. This information couldalso be used to optimize the design of safer, more efÞcient work envi-ronments that increase motivation and productivity. Methods: Thepresent study explored the feasibility of monitoring electroencephalo-graphic (EEG) indices of engagement and workload acquired unobtru-sively and quantiÞed during performance of cognitive tests. EEG wasacquired from 80 healthy participants with a wireless sensor headset(F3-F4,C3-C4,Cz-POz,F3-Cz,Fz-C3,Fz-POz) during tasks including:multi-level forward/backward-digit-span, grid-recall, trails, mental-addi-tion, 20-min 3-Choice Vigilance, and image-learning and memory tests.EEG metrics for engagement and workload were calculated for each 1-sof EEG. Results: Across participants, engagement but not workloaddecreased over the 20-min vigilance test. Engagement and workloadwere signiÞcantly increased during the encoding period of verbal andimage-learning and memory tests when compared with the recognition/recall period. Workload but not engagement increased linearly as levelof difÞculty increased in forward and backward-digit-span, grid-recall,and mental-addition tests. EEG measures correlated with both subjectiveand objective performance metrics. Discussion: These data in combi-nation with previous studies suggest that EEG engagement resects in-formation-gathering, visual processing, and allocation of attention. EEGworkload increases with increasing working memory load and duringproblem solving, integration of information, analytical reasoning, andmay be more resective of executive functions. Inspection of EEG on asecond-by-second timescale revealed associations between workloadand engagement levels when aligned with speciÞc task events providingpreliminary evidence that second-by-second classiÞcations resect pa-rameters of task performance.Keywords: Cognition, neuroergonomics, military operations, brain mon-itoring, human-computer interface, neurophysiology, psychophysiology.

EEG correlates of task engagement and mental workload in vigilance, learning, and memory tasks.

A method is provided for modifying an image. The method comprises displaying an image, the image comprising a portion of an object; and determining if an edge of the object is in a location within the portion. The method further comprises detecting movement, in a member direction, of an operating member with respect to the edge. The method still further comprises moving, if the edge is not in the location, the object in an object direction corresponding to the detected movement; and modifying, if the edge is in the location, the image in response to the detected movement, the modified image comprising the edge in the location.

Information processing apparatus, information processing method and program

Virtual Reality (VR) has been rapidly recognized and implemented in construction engineering education and training (CEET) in recent years due to its benefits of providing an engaging and immersive environment. The objective of this review is to critically collect and analyze the VR applications in CEET, aiming at all VR-related journal papers published from 1997 to 2017. The review follows a three-stage analysis on VR technologies, applications and future directions through a systematic analysis. It is found that the VR technologies adopted for CEET evolve over time, from desktop-based VR, immersive VR, 3D game-based VR, to Building Information Modelling (BIM)-enabled VR. A sibling technology, Augmented Reality (AR), for CEET adoptions has also emerged in recent years. These technologies have been applied in architecture and design visualization, construction health and safety training, equipment and operational task training, as well as structural analysis. Future research directions, including the integration of VR with emerging education paradigms and visualization technologies, have also been provided. The findings are useful for both researchers and educators to usefully integrate VR in their education and training programs to improve the training performance.

A critical review of the use of virtual reality in construction engineering education and training

With the increasing popularity of virtual reality (VR) and new devices getting available with relatively lower costs, more and more video games have been developed recently. Most of these games use first person interaction techniques since it is more natural for Head Mounted Displays (HMDs). One of the most widely used interaction technique in VR video games is locomotion that is used to move user's viewpoint in virtual environments. Locomotion is an important component of video games since it can have a strong influence on user experience. In this study, a new locomotion technique we called "Point & Teleport" is described and compared with two commonly used VR locomotion techniques of walk-in-place and joystick. In this technique, users simply point where they want to be in virtual world and they are teleported to that position. As a major advantage, it is not expected to introduce motion sickness since it does not involve any visible translational motion. In this study, two VR experiments were designed and performed to analyze the Point & Teleport technique. In the first experiment, Point & Teleport was compared with walk-in-place and joystick locomotion techniques. In the second experiment, a direction component was added to the Point & Teleport technique so that the users could specify their desired orientation as well. 16 users took part in both experiments. Results indicated that Point & Teleport is a fun and user friendly locomotion method whereas the additional direction component degraded the user experience.

Point & Teleport Locomotion Technique for Virtual Reality

The use of head-mounted displays (HMD) for virtual reality (VR) application-based purposes including therapy, rehabilitation, and training is increasing. Despite advancements in VR technologies, many users still experience sickness symptoms. VR sickness may be influenced by technological differences within HMDs such as resolution and refresh rate, however, VR content also plays a significant role. The primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the literature on HMDs that report Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) scores to determine the impact of content. User factors associated with VR sickness were also examined. A systematic search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Fifty-five articles met inclusion criteria, representing 3,016 participants (mean age range 19.5-80; 41% female). Findings show gaming content recorded the highest total SSQ mean 34.26 (95%CI 29.57-38.95). VR sickness profiles were also influenced by visual stimulation, locomotion and exposure times. Older samples (mean age ≥35 years) scored significantly lower total SSQ means than younger samples, however, these findings are based on a small evidence base as a limited number of studies included older users. No sex differences were found. Across all types of content, the pooled total SSQ mean was relatively high 28.00 (95%CI 24.66-31.35) compared with recommended SSQ cut-off scores. These findings are of relevance for informing future research and the application of VR in different contexts.

/pdf/factors-associated-with-virtual-reality-sickness-in-head-1ccszggmoo.pdf

Factors Associated With Virtual Reality Sickness in Head-Mounted Displays: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

A Complete Toolbox of Theories and TechniquesThe second edition of a bestseller, Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications presents systematic and extensive coverage of the primary areas of research and development within VE technology. It brings together a comprehensive set of contributed articles that address the

Handbook of Virtual Environments : Design, Implementation, and Applications, Second Edition

A method for designing a human interface of a system includes establishing guidelines for avoiding sensory overload conditions of a human interacting with the system. The method also includes identifying an event associated with the system producing a potential sensory overload condition. The method further includes generating a human interface design solution based on the guidelines for modifying an operation of the system to help alleviate the potential sensory overload condition associated with the event. A prediction of a performance capability of a human subject interacting with the system may be made by determining a first parameter indicative of an intelligence of a human subject, determining a second parameter indicative of a multiple sensory input memory capacity of the human subject, and determining a third parameter indicative of an interactive monitoring capacity of the human subject and then using the parameters to generate an overall parameter indicative of a performance capacity.

Design of systems for improved human interaction

Extended reality (xr) environments

: This effort focused on developing EEG-derived indicators of verbal versus spatial working memory load. A wireless EEG headset acquired data during execution of both simple and complex tasks associated with a Tactical Tomahawk Weapons Control System (TTWCS). The results established the feasibility of characterizing EEG correlates specific to verbal and spatial working memory. The next goal is to leverage these real-time working memory indices as a feedback loop to direct closed-loop human-system interaction. Specifically, if the preliminary EEG indices derived in this study, in combination with other physiological or behavioral inputs, are shown to relate to the degree of working memory overload in the TTWCS or similar tasks, they could provide a valuable contribution to real-time adaptive aiding of human-system interaction.

EEG Indices Distinguish Spatial and Verbal Working Memory Processing: Implications for Real-Time Monitoring in a Closed-Loop Tactical Tomahawk Weapons Simulation

The first € price and the £ and $ price are net prices, subject to local VAT. Prices indicated with * include VAT for books; the €(D) includes 7% for Germany, the €(A) includes 10% for Austria. Prices indicated with ** include VAT for electronic products; 19% for Germany, 20% for Austria. All prices exclusive of carriage charges. Prices and other details are subject to change without notice. All errors and omissions excepted. C. Baldwin (Ed.) Advances in Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering

Kay M. Stanney

Papers

Handbook of Virtual Environments : Design, Implementation, and Applications, Second Edition

Design of systems for improved human interaction

Extended reality (xr) environments

EEG Indices Distinguish Spatial and Verbal Working Memory Processing: Implications for Real-Time Monitoring in a Closed-Loop Tactical Tomahawk Weapons Simulation

Advances in Neuroergonomics and Cognitive Engineering