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Kenneth A. Small

Bio: Kenneth A. Small is an academic researcher from University of California, Irvine. The author has contributed to research in topics: Road pricing & Traffic congestion. The author has an hindex of 54, co-authored 143 publications receiving 19588 citations. Previous affiliations of Kenneth A. Small include United States Environmental Protection Agency & Princeton University.


Papers
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Posted Content
TL;DR: Anas et al. as discussed by the authors discuss the role that urban size and structure play in people's lives and how to understand the organization of cities, which yields insights about economy-wide growth processes and sheds light on economic concepts.
Abstract: Author(s): Anas, Alex; Arnott, Richard; Small, Kenneth A. | Abstract: An interview with Chicago's current mayor, Richard M. Daley:'New York is too big this way,' the mayor says, raising a thick hand over his head. Stretching both arms out at his sides, he adds, 'Los Angeles is too big this way. All the other cities are too small. We're just right.' (Bailey and Coleman, 1996, p. 6)Mayor Daley is catering to a widespread fascination with the roles that urban size and structure play in people's lives. Academic as well as other observers have long sought explanations for urban development patterns and criteria by which to judge their desirability. Furthermore, as we shall see, understanding the organization of cities yields insights about economy-wide growth processes and sheds light on economic concepts of long standing interest: returns to scale, monopolistic competition, vertical integration, technological innovation, innovation diffusion, and international specialization. Cities also are prime illustrations of some newer academic interests such as complex structural evolution and self-organization.

1,473 citations

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the interplay between agglomerative and dispersive forces generates spatial structures that are complex and prone to multiple equilibria and dynamic path-dependence.
Abstract: Urban structure is increasingly characterized by decentralization, dispersion, and multiple employment centers Much is known empirically about such patterns, and about how the interplay between agglomerative and dispersive forces generates spatial structures that are complex and prone to multiple equilibria and dynamic path-dependence These forces operate at different spatial scales; many entail unpriced interaction, and external scale economies deriving from product differentiation and endogenous technical change appear particularly important Because these forces interact in complex ways, inefficiencies in urban structure are resistant to simple policy interventions

1,209 citations

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate that the scheduling of activities by consumers can be explicitly modeled in theoretically satisfactory and empirically productive way, and demonstrate that this approach can be applied productively to other goods subject to peak demands.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the scheduling of activities by consumers can be explicitly modeled in theoretically satisfactory and empirically productive way. Even in the case of urban work trips, probably one of the most tightly constrained of everyday activities, schedule shifting is found to be of quantitative importance for the understanding of urban transportation systems. Considerable effort will be required to assess fully the implications of this type of behavior for such important areas of transportation analysis as demand studies, value-of-time measurement, policy simulation, and cost-benefit analysis. Meanwhile, it seems likely that this approach can be applied productively to other goods subject to peak demands.

1,148 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show how the conventional methods of applied welfare economics can be modified to handle discrete choice situations, focusing on the computation of the excess burden of taxation, and the evaluation of quality change.
Abstract: Economists have been paying increasing attention to the study of situations in which consumers face a discrete rather than a continuous set of choices Such models are potentially very important in evaluating the impact of government programs upon consumer welfare But very little has been said in general regarding the tools of applied welfare economics indiscrete choice situations This paper shows how the conventional methods of applied welfare economics can be modified to handle such cases It focuses on the computation of the excess burden of taxation, and the evaluation of quality change The results are applied to stochastic utility models, including the popular cases of probit and logit analysis Throughout, the emphasis is on providing rigorous guidelines for carrying out applied work

1,003 citations

Book
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: The global travel demand for transportation services is expected to grow at a faster pace than the rate of the global economy in the coming years, according to research published in the International Journal of Transportation and Logistics.
Abstract: 1 Introduction 2 Travel Demand 3 Costs 4 Pricing 5 Investment 6 Industrial Organization of Transportation Providers 7 Conclusion

888 citations


Cited by
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Book Chapter
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: The Global Energy Assessment (GEA) as mentioned in this paper identifies strategies that could help resolve the multiple challenges simultaneously and bring multiple benefits, including sustainable economic and social development, poverty eradication, adequate food production and food security, health for all, climate protection, conservation of ecosystems, and security.
Abstract: Energy is essential for human development and energy systems are a crucial entry point for addressing the most pressing global challenges of the 21st century, including sustainable economic and social development, poverty eradication, adequate food production and food security, health for all, climate protection, conservation of ecosystems, peace and security. Yet, more than a decade into the 21st century, current energy systems do not meet these challenges. A major transformation is therefore required to address these challenges and to avoid potentially catastrophic future consequences for human and planetary systems. The Global Energy Assessment (GEA) demonstrates that energy system change is the key for addressing and resolving these challenges. The GEA identifies strategies that could help resolve the multiple challenges simultaneously and bring multiple benefits. Their successful implementation requires determined, sustained and immediate action.

13,413 citations

Book
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the new generation of discrete choice methods, focusing on the many advances that are made possible by simulation, and compare simulation-assisted estimation procedures, including maximum simulated likelihood, method of simulated moments, and methods of simulated scores.
Abstract: This book describes the new generation of discrete choice methods, focusing on the many advances that are made possible by simulation. Researchers use these statistical methods to examine the choices that consumers, households, firms, and other agents make. Each of the major models is covered: logit, generalized extreme value, or GEV (including nested and cross-nested logits), probit, and mixed logit, plus a variety of specifications that build on these basics. Simulation-assisted estimation procedures are investigated and compared, including maximum simulated likelihood, method of simulated moments, and method of simulated scores. Procedures for drawing from densities are described, including variance reduction techniques such as anithetics and Halton draws. Recent advances in Bayesian procedures are explored, including the use of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and its variant Gibbs sampling. No other book incorporates all these fields, which have arisen in the past 20 years. The procedures are applicable in many fields, including energy, transportation, environmental studies, health, labor, and marketing.

7,768 citations

Posted Content
TL;DR: A theme of the text is the use of artificial regressions for estimation, reference, and specification testing of nonlinear models, including diagnostic tests for parameter constancy, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and other types of mis-specification.
Abstract: Offering a unifying theoretical perspective not readily available in any other text, this innovative guide to econometrics uses simple geometrical arguments to develop students' intuitive understanding of basic and advanced topics, emphasizing throughout the practical applications of modern theory and nonlinear techniques of estimation. One theme of the text is the use of artificial regressions for estimation, reference, and specification testing of nonlinear models, including diagnostic tests for parameter constancy, serial correlation, heteroscedasticity, and other types of mis-specification. Explaining how estimates can be obtained and tests can be carried out, the authors go beyond a mere algebraic description to one that can be easily translated into the commands of a standard econometric software package. Covering an unprecedented range of problems with a consistent emphasis on those that arise in applied work, this accessible and coherent guide to the most vital topics in econometrics today is indispensable for advanced students of econometrics and students of statistics interested in regression and related topics. It will also suit practising econometricians who want to update their skills. Flexibly designed to accommodate a variety of course levels, it offers both complete coverage of the basic material and separate chapters on areas of specialized interest.

4,284 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article developed a Ricardian trade model that incorporates realistic geographic features into general equilibrium and delivered simple structural equations for bilateral trade with parameters relating to absolute advantage, comparative advantage, and geographic barriers.
Abstract: We develop a Ricardian trade model that incorporates realistic geographic features into general equilibrium It delivers simple structural equations for bilateral trade with parameters relating to absolute advantage, to comparative advantage (promoting trade), and to geographic barriers (resisting it) We estimate the parameters with data on bilateral trade in manufactures, prices, and geography from 19 OECD countries in 1990 We use the model to explore various issues such as the gains from trade, the role of trade in spreading the benefits of new technology, and the effects of tariff reduction

3,782 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: In the Hamadryas baboon, males are substantially larger than females, and a troop of baboons is subdivided into a number of ‘one-male groups’, consisting of one adult male and one or more females with their young.
Abstract: In the Hamadryas baboon, males are substantially larger than females. A troop of baboons is subdivided into a number of ‘one-male groups’, consisting of one adult male and one or more females with their young. The male prevents any of ‘his’ females from moving too far from him. Kummer (1971) performed the following experiment. Two males, A and B, previously unknown to each other, were placed in a large enclosure. Male A was free to move about the enclosure, but male B was shut in a small cage, from which he could observe A but not interfere. A female, unknown to both males, was then placed in the enclosure. Within 20 minutes male A had persuaded the female to accept his ownership. Male B was then released into the open enclosure. Instead of challenging male A , B avoided any contact, accepting A’s ownership.

2,364 citations