Since 65 million years ago (Ma), Earth's climate has undergone a significant and complex evolution, the finer details of which are now coming to light through investigations of deep-sea sediment cores. This evolution includes gradual trends of warming and cooling driven by tectonic processes on time scales of 10(5) to 10(7) years, rhythmic or periodic cycles driven by orbital processes with 10(4)- to 10(6)-year cyclicity, and rare rapid aberrant shifts and extreme climate transients with durations of 10(3) to 10(5) years. Here, recent progress in defining the evolution of global climate over the Cenozoic Era is reviewed. We focus primarily on the periodic and anomalous components of variability over the early portion of this era, as constrained by the latest generation of deep-sea isotope records. We also consider how this improved perspective has led to the recognition of previously unforeseen mechanisms for altering climate.

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Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

With digital equipment becoming increasingly networked, either on wired or wireless networks, for personal and professional use alike, distributed software systems have become a crucial element in information and communications technologies. The study of these systems forms the core of the ARLES' work, which is specifically concerned with defining new system software architectures, based on the use of emerging networking technologies. In this context, we concentrate on the study of distributed systems which bring to life the vision of ubiquitous computing systems, also known as ambient intelligence.

반도체 공정 overview

We review Phanerozoic sea-level changes [543 million years ago (Ma) to the present] on various time scales and present a new sea-level record for the past 100 million years (My). Long-term sea level peaked at 100 ± 50 meters during the Cretaceous, implying that ocean-crust production rates were much lower than previously inferred. Sea level mirrors oxygen isotope variations, reflecting ice-volume change on the 10 4 - to 10 6 -year scale, but a link between oxygen isotope and sea level on the 10 7 -year scale must be due to temperature changes that we attribute to tectonically controlled carbon dioxide variations. Sea-level change has influenced phytoplankton evolution, ocean chemistry, and the loci of carbonate, organic carbon, and siliciclastic sediment burial. Over the past 100 My, sea-level changes reflect global climate evolution from a time of ephemeral Antarctic ice sheets (100 to 33 Ma), through a time of large ice sheets primarily in Antarctica (33 to 2.5 Ma), to a world with large Antarctic and large, variable Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (2.5 Ma to the present).

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The Phanerozoic Record of Global Sea-Level Change

Tertiary benthic and planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotope records are correlated to a standard geomagnetic polarity time scale, making use of improved chronostratigraphic control and additional Oligocene isotope data Synchronous changes in both benthic and planktonic δ18O values which occurred in the Oligocene to Miocene (36–52 Ma) are interpreted, in part, to represent ice growth and decay The inferred ice growth events correlate with erosion on passive continental margins as interpreted from seismic and chronostratigraphic records This association is consistent with a link between Oligocene to Miocene erosional events and rapid (>15 m/my) glacioeustatic lowerings of about 50 m High benthic foraminiferal δ18O values suggest the presence of continental ice sheets during much of the Oligocene to Recent (36–0 Ma) Substantially ice-free conditions probably existed throughout the Paleocene and Eocene (66–36 Ma) The mechanisms and rates of sea level change apparently were different between the early and late Tertiary, with glacioeustatic changes restricted to the past 36 my Pre-Oligocene erosion on passive continental margins was caused by eustatic lowerings resulting from global spreading rate changes We apply a model which suggests that large areas of the continental shelves were subaerially exposed during such tectonoeustatic lowstands, stimulating slope failure and submarine erosion The different mechanisms and rates of eustatic change may have caused contrasting erosional patterns between the early and late Tertiary on passive continental margins This speculation needs to be confirmed by examination of data from several passive margins

Tertiary oxygen isotope synthesis, sea level history, and continental margin erosion

Oxygen isotope records and glaciomarine sediments indicate at least an intermittent presence of large continental ice sheets on Antarctica since the earliest Oligocene (circa 35 Ma). The growth and decay of ice sheets during the Oligocene to modern “ice house world” caused glacioeustatic sea level changes. The early Eocene was an ice-free “greenhouse world,” but it is not clear if ice sheets existed during the middle to late Eocene “doubt house world.” Benthic foraminiferal δ18O records place limits on the history of glaciation, suggesting the presence of ice sheets at least intermittently since the earliest Oligocene. The best indicator of ice growth is a coeval increase in global benthic and western equatorial planktonic δ18O records. Although planktonic isotope records from the western equatorial regions are limited, subtropical planktonic foraminifera may also record such ice volume changes. It is difficult to apply these established principles to the Cenozoic δ18O record because of the lack of adequate data and problems in stratigraphic correlations that obscure isotope events. We improved Oligocene to Miocene correlations of δ18O records and erected eight oxygen isotope zones (Oi1-Oi2, Mi1-Mi6). Benthic foraminiferal δ18O increases which are associated with the bases of Zones Oil (circa 35.8 Ma), Oi2 (circa 32.5 Ma), and Mil (circa 23.5 Ma) can be linked with δ18O increases in subtropical planktonic foraminifera and with intervals of glacial sedimentation on or near Antarctica. Our new correlations of middle Miocene benthic and western equatorial planktonic δ18O records show remarkable agreement in timing and amplitude. We interpret benthic-planktonic covariance to reflect substantial ice volume increases near the bases of Zones Mi2 (circa 16.1 Ma), Mi3 (circa 13.6 Ma), and possibly Mi5 (circa 11.3 Ma). Possible glacioeustatic lowerings are associated with the δ18O increases which culminated with the bases of Zone Mi4 (circa 12.6 Ma) and Mi6 (circa 9.6 Ma), although low-latitude planktonic δ18O records are required to test this. These inferred glacioeustatic lowerings can be linked to seismic and rock disconformities. For example, we link 12 Oligocene-early late Miocene inferred glacioeustatic lowerings with 12 of the sequence boundaries (= inferred eustatic lowerings) of Haq et al. (1987).

Unlocking the Ice House: Oligocene‐Miocene oxygen isotopes, eustasy, and margin erosion

[1] Benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotopic (d 18 O) and carbon isotopic (d 13 C) trends, constructed from compilations of data series from multiple ocean sites, provide one of the primary means of reconstructing changes in the ocean interior. These records are also widely used as a general climate indicator for comparison with local and more specific marine and terrestrial climate proxy records. We present new benthic foraminiferal d 18 O and d 13 C compilations for individual ocean basins that provide a robust estimate of benthic foraminiferal stable isotopic variations to � 80Ma andtentatively to � 110Ma. First-order variations ininterbasinal isotopicgradients delineate transitions from interior ocean heterogeneity during the Late Cretaceous (>� 65 Ma) to early Paleogene (35– 65 Ma) homogeneity and a return to heterogeneity in the late Paleogene–early Neogene (35–0 Ma). We propose that these transitions reflect alterations in a first-order characteristic of ocean circulation: the ability of winds to make water in the deep ocean circulate. We document the initiation of large interbasinal d 18 O gradients in the early Oligocene and link the variations in interbasinal d 18 O gradients from the middle Eocene to Oligocene with the increasing influence of wind-driven mixing due to the gradual tectonic opening of Southern Ocean passages and initiation and strengthening of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The role of wind-driven upwelling, possibly associated with a Tethyan Circumequatorial Current, in controlling Late Cretaceous interior ocean heterogeneity should be the subject of further research.

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Ocean overturning since the Late Cretaceous: Inferences from a new benthic foraminiferal isotope compilation

Sea level has been estimated for the last 108 million years through backstripping of corehole data from the New Jersey and Delaware Coastal Plains. Inherent errors due to thismethod of calculating sea level are discussed, including uncertainties in ages, depth of deposition and the model used for tectonic subsidence. Problems arising from the two-dimensional aspects of subsidence and response to sediment loads are also addressed. The rates and magnitudes of sea-level change are consistent with at least ephemeral ice sheets throughout the studied interval.Million-year sea-level cycles are, for the most part, consistent within the study area suggesting that they may be eustatic in origin. This conclusion is corroborated by correlation between sequence boundaries and unconformities in New Zealand. The resulting long-term curve suggests that sea level ranged fromabout 75-110 min the Late Cretaceous, reached a maximum of about 150m in the Early Eocene and fell to zero in the Miocene. The Late Cretaceous long-term (107 years) magnitude is about 100-150mless than sea level predicted from ocean volume. This discrepancy can be reconciled by assuming that dynamic topography in New Jersey was driven by North America overriding the subducted Farallon plate. However, geodynamic
models of this effect do not resolve the problemin that they require Eocene sea level to be significantly higher in the New Jersey region than the global average.

Kenneth G. Miller

Papers

The Phanerozoic Record of Global Sea-Level Change

Tertiary oxygen isotope synthesis, sea level history, and continental margin erosion

Unlocking the Ice House: Oligocene‐Miocene oxygen isotopes, eustasy, and margin erosion

Ocean overturning since the Late Cretaceous: Inferences from a new benthic foraminiferal isotope compilation

Late Cretaceous to Miocene sea‐level estimates from the New Jersey and Delaware coastal plain coreholes: an error analysis