Kenneth J. Zucker

Bio: Kenneth J. Zucker is an academic researcher from University of Toronto. The author has contributed to research in topics: Gender Identity Disorder & Gender dysphoria. The author has an hindex of 60, co-authored 246 publications receiving 14948 citations. Previous affiliations of Kenneth J. Zucker include Columbia University & Hospital for Sick Children.

Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7

Abstract: The Standards of Care (SOC) for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People is a publication of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). The overall goal of the SOC is to provide clinical guidance for health professionals to assist transsexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming people with safe and effective pathways to achieving lasting personal comfort with their gendered selves, in order to maximize their overall health, psychological well-being, and self-fulfillment. This assistance may include primary care, gynecologic and urologic care, reproductive options, voice and communication therapy, mental health services (e.g., assessment, counseling, psychotherapy), and hormonal and surgical treatments. The SOC are based on the best available science and expert professional consensus. Because most of the research and experience in this field comes from a North American and Western European perspective, adaptations of the SOC to other parts ...

Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review.

Abstract: This article reviewed research examining the association between childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation. Prospective studies suggest that childhood cross-sex-typed behavior is strongly predictive of adult homosexual orientation for men; analogous studies for women have not been performed. Though methodologically more problematic, retrospective studies are useful in determining how many homosexual individuals displayed cross-sex behavior in childhood. The relatively large body of retrospective studies comparing childhood sex-typed behavior in homosexual and heterosexual men and women was reviewed quantitatively. Effect sizes were large for both men and women, with men's significantly larger. Future research should elaborate the causes of the association between childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation and to identify correlates of within-orientation differences in childhood sex-typed behavior. Psychosexual differentiation has been a topic of long-standing interest in developmental psychology. Both classical psychoanalytic theory and learning theory were particularly influential in guiding the first wave of empirical research conducted by developmentalists (see, e.g., ). Sexologists have also made seminal theoretical and empirical contributions. For example, introduced the term to refer to “all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman, respectively. It includes, but is not restricted to, sexuality in the sense of eroticism” (p. 254). Mischel, 1966 Money (1955) gender role Over the next two decades, gender role was decomposed into three conceptually distinct parts (see, e.g., ). First, was distinguished from gender role. For example, , p. 453) used the slightly different term to describe a young child's developing “fundamental sense of belonging to one sex.” Cognitive–developmental psychologists (e.g., ) have used the term gender identity to indicate primarily that a child can accurately discriminate male from female individuals and identify correctly his or her own gender—a task considered by some to be the first stage in gender constancy development. Fagot & Leinbach, 1985 gender identity Stoller (1964 core gender identity Kohlberg, 1966 Compared with original definition, the term gender role is now defined more narrowly. Many scholars have used the term to refer to behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that a society designates as masculine or feminine, that is, more “appropriate” or typical for the male or female social role (cf. ; ). In young children, the measurement of gender role behavior includes several easily observable phenomena, including affiliative preference for same versus opposite sex peers, interest in rough-and-tumble play, fantasy roles, toy interests, and dress-up play (see ). In this article, we use the term to refer to those behaviors that have been typically studied as markers of childhood gender identity and gender role. Money's (1955) Huston, 1983 Unger, 1979 Zucker, 1985 sex-typed 5/14/03 7:25 AM Ovid: Bailey: Dev Psychol, Volume 31(1).January 1995.43–55 Page 2 of 23 https://snap.it.northwestern.edu/p/p.cgi/ovidcom/gateway1:80/ovidweb.cgi The third, erotic, component of original definition of gender role has also been operationalized more narrowly, most commonly under the rubric of the term . In contemporary sexology, sexual orientation refers to whether a person is more strongly aroused sexually by members of his or her own sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes (homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual, respectively). Money's (1955) sexual orientation The behavioral markers of gender identity and gender role emerge early, typically by ages 2–4 years, and become “consolidated” thereafter (e.g., ; ). In contrast, sexual orientation appears to be more readily assessed after puberty, as a person's sexual interests and desires become more salient (cf. ). At least three models have been proposed about the relation between childhood sex-typed behavior and later sexual orientation. One model hypothesizes a developmental sequence in which gender identity develops before gender role, which, in turn, develops before sexual orientation (e.g., ; ). In this model, adult sexual orientation is conceptualized as an of psychosexual differentiation, analogous, for example, to as an end state of cognitive development. Another model reverses this developmental sequence, positing that sexual orientation is apparent early enough in development to influence the expression of sex-typed behavior (e.g., ). A third model gives less attention to the temporal sequence between these two variables and instead emphasizes the possibility that sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation are both influenced by the same factors, such as prenatal sex hormones (see ; , pp. 12–15). Fagot, 1985 Huston, 1983 Meyer-Bahlburg, 1980 Green, 1974, 1987 Meyer-Bahlburg, 1980 end state formal operations

Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents

Abstract: This article provides a selected overview of the literature on gender identity disorder and psychosexual problems in children and adolescents, with a focus on diagnosis, clinical course, etiology, and treatment

Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender-Nonconforming People, Version 7

Abstract: The Standards of Care (SOC) for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People is a publication of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). The overall goal of the SOC is to provide clinical guidance for health professionals to assist transsexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming people with safe and effective pathways to achieving lasting personal comfort with their gendered selves, in order to maximize their overall health, psychological well-being, and self-fulfillment. This assistance may include primary care, gynecologic and urologic care, reproductive options, voice and communication therapy, mental health services (e.g., assessment, counseling, psychotherapy), and hormonal and surgical treatments. The SOC are based on the best available science and expert professional consensus. Because most of the research and experience in this field comes from a North American and Western European perspective, adaptations of the SOC to other parts ...

Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies

Abstract: A review of 45 studies clearly demonstrated that sexually abused children had more symptoms than nonabused children, with abuse accounting for 15-45% of the variance. Fears, posttraumatic stress disorder, behavior problems, sexualized behaviors, and poor self-esteem occurred most frequently among a long list of symptoms noted, but no one symptom characterized a majority of sexually abused children. Some symptoms were specific to certain ages, and approximately one third of victims had no symptoms. Penetration, the duration and frequency of the abuse, force, the relationship of the perpetrator to the child, and maternal support affected the degree of symptomatology. About two thirds of the victimized children showed recovery during the first 12-18 months. The findings suggest the absence of any specific syndrome in children who have been sexually abused and no single traumatizing process. Language: en

Experimental And Quasi Experimental Designs For Research

Abstract: Thank you for reading experimental and quasi experimental designs for research. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search numerous times for their favorite readings like this experimental and quasi experimental designs for research, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious virus inside their laptop.

The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding

Abstract: At a time when lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals—often referred to under the umbrella acronym LGBT—are becoming more visible in society and more socially acknowledged, clinicians and researchers are faced with incomplete information about their health status. While LGBT populations often are combined as a single entity for research and advocacy purposes, each is a distinct population group with its own specific health needs. Furthermore, the experiences of LGBT individuals are not uniform and are shaped by factors of race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, geographical location, and age, any of which can have an effect on health-related concerns and needs. While some research about the health of LGBT populations has been conducted, researchers still have a great deal to learn. To help assess the state of the science, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to assess current knowledge of the health status of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations; to identify research gaps and opportunities; and to outline a research agenda to help NIH focus its research in this area. A committee of experts was convened by the IOM to consider this task, and its findings are presented in its report, The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding.