Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

In his Preface the author' says that he started out to review all the more important theories upon the topics ordinarily discussed under human motivation but soon found himself more and more limited to the presentation of his own point of view. This very well characterizes the book. It is a very personal product. It is an outline with some defense of the author's own thinking about instincts and appetites and sentiments and how they function in human behavior. And as the author draws so heavily upon James and McDougall, especially the latter, the book may well be looked upon as a sort of sequel to their efforts. There is a thought-provoking distinction presented between instinct and appetite. An instinct is said to be aroused always by something in the external situation; and, correspondingly, an appetite is said to be aroused by sensations from within the body itself. This places, of course, a heavy emphasis upon the cognitive factor in all instinctive behaviors; and the author prefers to use the cognitive factor, especially the knowledge of that end-experience which will satisfy, as a means of differentiating one instinct from another. In this there is a recognized difference from McDougall who placed more emphasis for differentiation upon the emotional accompaniment. The list of instincts arrived at by this procedure is much like that of McDougall, although the author is forced by his criteria to present the possibility of food-seeking and sex and sleep operating both in the manner of an appetite and also as an instinct. The Shand-McDougall concept of sentiment is taken over and used in the explanation of moral motivation. There is the development within each personality of a sentiment for some moral principle. But this sentiment is not a very powerful motivating factor. It is reinforced by social pressures and by religion, which is treated as an effort of finite man to live in harmony with the infinite reality. Those whose psychological thinking is largely in terms of McDougall will doubtless find this volume a very satisfying expansion; but those who are at all inclined to support their psychological thinking by reference to experimental studies will not be so well pleased. The James-Lange theory, for example, is discussed without mention of the many experimental studies which it has provoked. Theoretical sources appear in general to be preferred to experimental investigations.

Human MotivationThe Mind in Action: A Study of Motives and Values. A. Campbell Garnett

argument is often, if not acrimonious, at least heated. It gives an impression of the fluidity of opinion on many fundamental ideas under discussion and of the urgency with which cardiac cyanosis in the newborn is regarded. When Dr. William Muscott says that the earliest he has operated for pulmonary stenosis is on an infant 3 days old, and Sir Russell Brock agrees that the earlier in the first month that operation is undertaken the better, and when Dr. Varco asks Dr. Senning 'so far as I know they have never yet catheterized any child intrauterine in Sweden, but they have done it through the delivery canal sometimes-would you tell us the indications of the Scandinavian group for catheterization in the immediate newborn period?', one is indeed being kept up with the times. But that was two years ago and already some of the questions then debated have since been answered. This beautifully printed and well-illustrated stiff paperbacked volume is, and will for a few years yet remain, an invaluable companion to a full-scale textbook on congenital heart disease.

Growth at Adolescence.

Testosterone and Human Aggression: An Evaluation of the Challenge Hypothesis

Life history theory provides a metatheoretical framework for the study of pubertal timing from an evolutionary-developmental perspective. The current article reviews 5 middle-level theories--energetics theory stress-suppression theory psychosocial acceleration theory paternal investment theory and child development theory--each of which applies the basic assumptions of life history theory to the question of environmental influences on timing of puberty in girls. These theories converge in their conceptualization of pubertal timing as responsive to ecological conditions but diverge in their conceptualization of: a. the nature extent and direction of environmental influences and; b. the effects of pubertal timing on other reproductive variables. Comparing hypotheses derived from the 5 perspectives are evaluated. An extension of W.T. Boyce and B.J. Elliss (in press) theory of stress reactivity is proposed to account for both inhibiting and accelerating effects of psychosocial stress on timing of pubertal development. This review highlights the multiplicity of (often unrecognized) perspectives guiding research raises challenges to virtually all of these and presents an alternative framework in an effort to move research forward in this arena of multidisciplinary inquiry. (authors)

https://cals.arizona.edu/fcs/sites/cals.arizona.edu.fcs/files/Psyc%20Bull%20Ellis%202004.pdf

Timing of Pubertal Maturation in Girls: An Integrated Life History Approach.

Traffic accident involvement rates by driver age and gender.

http://www.psych2.phil.uni-erlangen.de/%7Eoschult/humanlab/publications/scm1999.pdf

Implicit Power Motivation Moderates Men's Testosterone Responses to Imagined and Real Dominance Success

Crash involvement rates by driver gender and the role of average annual mileage

Chemical treatments previously shown to disrupt gap junctions were applied to rat ovaries with antral follicles prior to expressing the granulosa cells with a blunt spatula. Exposure of the ovaries to 6.8 mM EGTA lethyleneglycol-bis-13-aminoethyl ether)-N,N’-tetracetic acid I and 0.5 M sucrose either by perfusion in situ or incubation in vitro generated monodisperse suspensions of granulosa cells with improved integrity as evaluated by several criteria. Similar numbers of granulosa cells (7-8 X 106 per ovary) were obtained either by direct physical expression or by pretreatment of the ovaries followed by physical expression. However, the ability of the granulosa cells to exdude trypan blue dye was consistently improved 2-3-fold by pretreatment with EGTA and hypertonic sucrose (from 25% to 40-80%). Likewise, in vitro synthetic capacities for protein, RNA and DNA were enhanced 2-6-fold, 5-10-fold and 10-20-fold, respectively. A qualitative one-to-one correspondence between protein synthesis and vital dye exdusion was demonstrable but the quantitative relationship between dye exclusion and macromolecular precursor incorporation appeared to be nonlinear. Cells obtained using the chemical pretreatments also demonstrated better survival in minimal medium for at least the first 12 h of culture The enhancements observed could not be obtained by reversing the order of the chemical treatments or by treating granulosa cells after physical removal from ovarian follicles. Pretreatment of ovaries with EGTA and hypertonic sucrose appears to be a reliable procedure for improving the yield of monodisperse, viable, biochemically intact granulosa cells for use in in vitro examinations of follicular physiology and function.

/pdf/ovarian-granulosa-cells-isolated-with-egta-and-hypertonic-31ch7uhisd.pdf

Ovarian Granulosa Cells Isolated with EGTA and Hypertonic Sucrose: Cellular Integrity and Function

This chapter is a preliminary attempt to characterise reproductive patterns in traditional, pre-industrial societies, including huntergatherers, tribal horticulturalists and pastoralists and settled peasant agriculturalists. Assertions about the level of fertility in such societies have played a key role in the development of theoretical models in demography and anthropology and, more recently, in reproductive biology. In classic demographic transition theory, for example, it was assumed that pre-transitional societies were characterised by uniformly high fertility rates, which provided the starting point for the recent secular decline in fertility (Knodel, 1977). Most ecological anthropologists, in contrast, have come to believe that many traditional societies, especially unacculturated hunter-gatherers, have regulated their reproductive output at relatively low levels (Dumond, 1975; Peacock, 1986). It has even been suggested that there occurred an earlier, stone-age demographic transition toward higher. birth and death rates associated with the emergence of settled village life during the Neolithic (Handwerker, 1983; Roth, 1985).1

Kenneth L. Campbell

Papers

Traffic accident involvement rates by driver age and gender.

Implicit Power Motivation Moderates Men's Testosterone Responses to Imagined and Real Dominance Success

Crash involvement rates by driver gender and the role of average annual mileage

Ovarian Granulosa Cells Isolated with EGTA and Hypertonic Sucrose: Cellular Integrity and Function

Fertility in Traditional Societies