Kenneth L. Campbell

Bio: Kenneth L. Campbell is an academic researcher from University of Massachusetts Boston. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Crash. The author has an hindex of 24, co-authored 78 publications receiving 2449 citations. Previous affiliations of Kenneth L. Campbell include Aberdeen Royal Infirmary & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Methodology for the development of collision avoidance strategies based on accident data

Abstract: This paper presents a proposed approach to the analysis of accident data in support of the development of collision avoidance technology. The preliminary results of an effort to identify and rank collision situations on the basis of a "collision typology" are summarized for four databases. An 18-level collision configuration variable was constructed which included the number of vehicles involved, their relative orientation, intent to turn, relation to intersection, and traffic control at the intersection. "Contributing factors" are defined and identified on the basis of statistical associations between the levels of the factors and the categories of the collision typology. Five of the most prevalent collision types were selected for more detailed review based on a probability-based sample of the original police accident reports.

Large truck crash causation study (LTCCS) analysis series: methodology of the large truck crash causation study

Abstract: The Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS) was undertaken jointly by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The LTCCS is based on a nationally representative sample of nearly 1,000 injury and fatal crashes involving large trucks that occurred between April 2001 and December 2003. The data collected provide a detailed description of the physical events of each crash, along with an unprecedented amount of information about all the vehicles and drivers, weather and roadway conditions, and trucking companies involved in the crashes. Because the goal of the study is to determine the reasons for crashes in order to develop countermeasures, the data collection was focused on pre-crash events. The LTCCS methodology is based on an analysis of associations in aggregate crash data. The crash assessment coding for each crash provides information on what physically occurred in the crash, including the prior movements of each vehicle, the critical event in the crash, the reason for the critical event, and the factors associated with the crash. Factors that increase the risk of crashes operate through physical mechanisms. For example, driver fatigue may result in a vehicle’s drifting across the center line of a roadway and hitting another vehicle head-on. Because the physical way in which the crash occurred is known, statistical tests can show whether a particular “risk-increasing factor” was over-involved in the kind of crash for which a given physical mechanism—for example, head-on collision—is known. Thus, countermeasures for particular crash types or modes of involvement can be targeted by identifying associations of vehicles, drivers, and environmental characteristics with particular crash types or modes of involvement.

Heavy truck safety in michigan

Abstract: This article discusses problems related to truck safety including truck exposure data and truck crash data, and summarizes findings of recent research in Michigan. It also suggests directions for future work. It is noted that the differences in safety (as measured by involvement in traffic crashes) between singles and doubles are fairly small and, when only multivehicle crashes are considered, doubles are probably safer. The Michigan study found that, in general, doubles in Michigan are probably safer overall. The study has also shown that truck safety decreases as one moves down the hierarchy of the highway system - the more restrictive geometry of nonlimited-access highways and local roads leads to higher crash rates.

Fatal accident involvement rates by driver age for large trucks

Abstract: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute (UMTRI) survey data on large trucks involved in fatal accidents and on the travel of large trucks provide estimates of fatal accident involvement rates by driver age. The analysis is focused on the implications of lowering the minimum age for drivers of commercial trucks operating interstate from 21 to 19 years. Fatal accident involvement rates for drivers of large trucks are found to increase with decreasing driver age. The younger drivers are over- involved until about age 27. Drivers under the age of 21 are over-involved by a factor of 6 in comparison to the overall rate for all drivers. Other factors known to have significant influences on the probability of involvement in a fatal accident were examined to determine their association with the over-involvement of younger drivers. The general pattern of over- involvement for younger drivers pervades virtually every combination of factors examined. Thus, it is concluded that the basic trend with driver age shown in the aggregate data is primarily associated with age and is not associated with the other factors examined. The results of this analysis substantiate and elevated risk for younger drivers of large trucks.

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Abstract: Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

Human MotivationThe Mind in Action: A Study of Motives and Values. A. Campbell Garnett

Abstract: In his Preface the author' says that he started out to review all the more important theories upon the topics ordinarily discussed under human motivation but soon found himself more and more limited to the presentation of his own point of view. This very well characterizes the book. It is a very personal product. It is an outline with some defense of the author's own thinking about instincts and appetites and sentiments and how they function in human behavior. And as the author draws so heavily upon James and McDougall, especially the latter, the book may well be looked upon as a sort of sequel to their efforts. There is a thought-provoking distinction presented between instinct and appetite. An instinct is said to be aroused always by something in the external situation; and, correspondingly, an appetite is said to be aroused by sensations from within the body itself. This places, of course, a heavy emphasis upon the cognitive factor in all instinctive behaviors; and the author prefers to use the cognitive factor, especially the knowledge of that end-experience which will satisfy, as a means of differentiating one instinct from another. In this there is a recognized difference from McDougall who placed more emphasis for differentiation upon the emotional accompaniment. The list of instincts arrived at by this procedure is much like that of McDougall, although the author is forced by his criteria to present the possibility of food-seeking and sex and sleep operating both in the manner of an appetite and also as an instinct. The Shand-McDougall concept of sentiment is taken over and used in the explanation of moral motivation. There is the development within each personality of a sentiment for some moral principle. But this sentiment is not a very powerful motivating factor. It is reinforced by social pressures and by religion, which is treated as an effort of finite man to live in harmony with the infinite reality. Those whose psychological thinking is largely in terms of McDougall will doubtless find this volume a very satisfying expansion; but those who are at all inclined to support their psychological thinking by reference to experimental studies will not be so well pleased. The James-Lange theory, for example, is discussed without mention of the many experimental studies which it has provoked. Theoretical sources appear in general to be preferred to experimental investigations.

Growth at Adolescence.

Abstract: argument is often, if not acrimonious, at least heated. It gives an impression of the fluidity of opinion on many fundamental ideas under discussion and of the urgency with which cardiac cyanosis in the newborn is regarded. When Dr. William Muscott says that the earliest he has operated for pulmonary stenosis is on an infant 3 days old, and Sir Russell Brock agrees that the earlier in the first month that operation is undertaken the better, and when Dr. Varco asks Dr. Senning 'so far as I know they have never yet catheterized any child intrauterine in Sweden, but they have done it through the delivery canal sometimes-would you tell us the indications of the Scandinavian group for catheterization in the immediate newborn period?', one is indeed being kept up with the times. But that was two years ago and already some of the questions then debated have since been answered. This beautifully printed and well-illustrated stiff paperbacked volume is, and will for a few years yet remain, an invaluable companion to a full-scale textbook on congenital heart disease.

Timing of Pubertal Maturation in Girls: An Integrated Life History Approach.

Abstract: Life history theory provides a metatheoretical framework for the study of pubertal timing from an evolutionary-developmental perspective. The current article reviews 5 middle-level theories--energetics theory stress-suppression theory psychosocial acceleration theory paternal investment theory and child development theory--each of which applies the basic assumptions of life history theory to the question of environmental influences on timing of puberty in girls. These theories converge in their conceptualization of pubertal timing as responsive to ecological conditions but diverge in their conceptualization of: a. the nature extent and direction of environmental influences and; b. the effects of pubertal timing on other reproductive variables. Comparing hypotheses derived from the 5 perspectives are evaluated. An extension of W.T. Boyce and B.J. Elliss (in press) theory of stress reactivity is proposed to account for both inhibiting and accelerating effects of psychosocial stress on timing of pubertal development. This review highlights the multiplicity of (often unrecognized) perspectives guiding research raises challenges to virtually all of these and presents an alternative framework in an effort to move research forward in this arena of multidisciplinary inquiry. (authors)