Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

In his Preface the author' says that he started out to review all the more important theories upon the topics ordinarily discussed under human motivation but soon found himself more and more limited to the presentation of his own point of view. This very well characterizes the book. It is a very personal product. It is an outline with some defense of the author's own thinking about instincts and appetites and sentiments and how they function in human behavior. And as the author draws so heavily upon James and McDougall, especially the latter, the book may well be looked upon as a sort of sequel to their efforts. There is a thought-provoking distinction presented between instinct and appetite. An instinct is said to be aroused always by something in the external situation; and, correspondingly, an appetite is said to be aroused by sensations from within the body itself. This places, of course, a heavy emphasis upon the cognitive factor in all instinctive behaviors; and the author prefers to use the cognitive factor, especially the knowledge of that end-experience which will satisfy, as a means of differentiating one instinct from another. In this there is a recognized difference from McDougall who placed more emphasis for differentiation upon the emotional accompaniment. The list of instincts arrived at by this procedure is much like that of McDougall, although the author is forced by his criteria to present the possibility of food-seeking and sex and sleep operating both in the manner of an appetite and also as an instinct. The Shand-McDougall concept of sentiment is taken over and used in the explanation of moral motivation. There is the development within each personality of a sentiment for some moral principle. But this sentiment is not a very powerful motivating factor. It is reinforced by social pressures and by religion, which is treated as an effort of finite man to live in harmony with the infinite reality. Those whose psychological thinking is largely in terms of McDougall will doubtless find this volume a very satisfying expansion; but those who are at all inclined to support their psychological thinking by reference to experimental studies will not be so well pleased. The James-Lange theory, for example, is discussed without mention of the many experimental studies which it has provoked. Theoretical sources appear in general to be preferred to experimental investigations.

Human MotivationThe Mind in Action: A Study of Motives and Values. A. Campbell Garnett

argument is often, if not acrimonious, at least heated. It gives an impression of the fluidity of opinion on many fundamental ideas under discussion and of the urgency with which cardiac cyanosis in the newborn is regarded. When Dr. William Muscott says that the earliest he has operated for pulmonary stenosis is on an infant 3 days old, and Sir Russell Brock agrees that the earlier in the first month that operation is undertaken the better, and when Dr. Varco asks Dr. Senning 'so far as I know they have never yet catheterized any child intrauterine in Sweden, but they have done it through the delivery canal sometimes-would you tell us the indications of the Scandinavian group for catheterization in the immediate newborn period?', one is indeed being kept up with the times. But that was two years ago and already some of the questions then debated have since been answered. This beautifully printed and well-illustrated stiff paperbacked volume is, and will for a few years yet remain, an invaluable companion to a full-scale textbook on congenital heart disease.

Growth at Adolescence.

Testosterone and Human Aggression: An Evaluation of the Challenge Hypothesis

Life history theory provides a metatheoretical framework for the study of pubertal timing from an evolutionary-developmental perspective. The current article reviews 5 middle-level theories--energetics theory stress-suppression theory psychosocial acceleration theory paternal investment theory and child development theory--each of which applies the basic assumptions of life history theory to the question of environmental influences on timing of puberty in girls. These theories converge in their conceptualization of pubertal timing as responsive to ecological conditions but diverge in their conceptualization of: a. the nature extent and direction of environmental influences and; b. the effects of pubertal timing on other reproductive variables. Comparing hypotheses derived from the 5 perspectives are evaluated. An extension of W.T. Boyce and B.J. Elliss (in press) theory of stress reactivity is proposed to account for both inhibiting and accelerating effects of psychosocial stress on timing of pubertal development. This review highlights the multiplicity of (often unrecognized) perspectives guiding research raises challenges to virtually all of these and presents an alternative framework in an effort to move research forward in this arena of multidisciplinary inquiry. (authors)

https://cals.arizona.edu/fcs/sites/cals.arizona.edu.fcs/files/Psyc%20Bull%20Ellis%202004.pdf

Timing of Pubertal Maturation in Girls: An Integrated Life History Approach.

Funding considerations in human reproductive ecology: summary of an evening panel discussion on sources and resources.

Rollover, Ejection, and the Potential Effectiveness of Restraints in Heavy-Truck Occupant Fatalities

This report presents an analysis of the travel, crash frequencies, and crash rates of large trucks registered in Michigan. The project focused on the travel and crashes of Michigan-registered trucks in Michigan. The travel data are from the UMTRI Michigan Truck Trip Information Survey (MTTIS). Crash frequencies are from the computerized file of police accident reports maintained by the Michigan State Police, supplemented by data on the state-of-registration of involved trucks compiled by Michigan State University. The project was undertaken jointly by UMTRI and the Michigan State University Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. The research approach and survey methods are described. Estimates of the travel and population of Michigan-registered tractors are presented, along with crash frequencies for several subsets of interest. The factors addressed in the risk analysis are: truck type, crash severity (fatal, injury, property-damage-only (PDO)), road type (limited access, major artery, other), urban/rural, day/night. The results indicate that the bobtail tractor configuration has the highest risk on all parts of the Michigan highway system. Crash rates for singles and doubles are quite similar overall, though the doubles rate is higher for casualty crashes on major artery and other roads. Limited access roads had the lowest rates, followed by major arteries, and other roads. Crash rates were lower in urban areas than rural. Overall, daytime rates were higher than nighttime. Casualty crash rates were higher at night, but PDO rates were higher during the day in both urban and rural areas, but particularly urban. Traffic density appears to explain the higher overall daytime rate.

The michigan heavy truck study. executive summary

Reproductive Ecology in Turkana Kenya

The relationship between crash severity and injury level is illustrated using the Restraint System Evaluation Study (RSES) data the Texas police-reported data. The RSES data are used to demonstrate that the probability of an injury (or fatality) is a function of both (a) the risk of injury, given a set of crash factors, and (b) crash exposure, or the chance of those factors occurring. The Texas data are used to demonstrate that crash exposure can change with time. Changes in crash exposure can alter the distribution of injuries (or fatalities) independently of motor vehicle standards or design. Texas and CPIR data are used to demonstrate that the risk of fatality is associated with many crash factors other than the traditional speed-related measures. /HSRI/

Kenneth L. Campbell

Papers

Funding considerations in human reproductive ecology: summary of an evening panel discussion on sources and resources.

Rollover, Ejection, and the Potential Effectiveness of Restraints in Heavy-Truck Occupant Fatalities

The michigan heavy truck study. executive summary

Reproductive Ecology in Turkana Kenya

An assessment of the relationship between frontal impact severity and injury level