Kenneth L. Campbell

Bio: Kenneth L. Campbell is an academic researcher from University of Massachusetts Boston. The author has contributed to research in topics: Population & Crash. The author has an hindex of 24, co-authored 78 publications receiving 2449 citations. Previous affiliations of Kenneth L. Campbell include Aberdeen Royal Infirmary & University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Race and gender in music videos: the same beat but a different drummer

Abstract: Les femmes et les noirs restent minoritaires dans les videoclips televises aux Etats-Unis, sauf sur les chaines destinees en public noir ou les noirs sont plus volontiers mis en scene que les blancs, du moins dans les scenarios optimistes

Urinary Estrone Conjugate and Pregnanediol 3-Glucuronide Enzyme Immunoassays for Population Research

Abstract: Background: Monitoring of reproductive steroid hormones at the population level requires frequent measurements, hormones or metabolites that remain stable under less than ideal collection and storage conditions, a long-term supply of antibodies, and assays useful for a range of populations. We developed enzyme immunoassays for urinary pregnanediol 3-glucuronide (PDG) and estrone conjugates (E1Cs) that meet these criteria. Methods: Enzyme immunoassays based on monoclonal antibodies were evaluated for specificity, detection limit, parallelism, recovery, and imprecision. Paired urine and serum specimens were analyzed throughout menstrual cycles of 30 US women. Assay application in different populations was examined with 23 US and 42 Bangladeshi specimens. Metabolite stability in urine was evaluated for 0–8 days at room temperature and for 0–10 freeze-thaw cycles. Results: Recoveries were 108% for the PDG assay and 105% for the E1C assay. Serially diluted specimens exhibited parallelism with calibration curves in both assays. Inter- and intraassay CVs were <11%. Urinary and serum concentrations were highly correlated: r = 0.93 for E1C–estradiol; r = 0.98 for PDG–progesterone. All Bangladeshi and US specimens were above detection limits (PDG, 21 nmol/L; E1C, 0.27 nmol/L). Bangladeshi women had lower follicular phase PDG and lower luteal phase PDG and E1Cs than US women. Stability experiments showed a maximum decrease in concentration for each metabolite of <4% per day at room temperature and no significant decrease associated with number of freeze-thaw cycles. Conclusions: These enzyme immunoassays can be used for the field conditions and population variation in hormone metabolite concentrations encountered in cross-cultural research.

The large truck crash causation study

Abstract: This paper presents the approach and methodology of the Large Truck Crash Causation Study (LTCCS), undertaken jointly by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The LTCCS is a study of a nationally representative sample of serious and fatal heavy truck crashes occurring between 2001 and 2003. The data collected provide a detailed description of the physical events of the crash, along with an unprecedented amount of information about the vehicles, drivers, truck operators, and environment. The LTCCS was designed to include all elements in a traffic crash--vehicle, driver, and environment. In addition, extensive information is collected about the operator of each truck involved, including details about driver compensation, vehicle maintenance, and carrier operations. Rather than crash experts assigning causes to each crash, the LTCCS approach is based on statistical associations in the aggregate data. The crash assessment data provide information on what physically happened in the crash, including prior movements of each vehicle, the critical event in the crash, and the reason for the critical event. "Causes" can be determined through the analysis of this information, by identifying associations between vehicle, driver, and environmental characteristics, and particular crash types or modes of involvement. The approach of the LTCCS is consistent with the probabilistic nature of traffic crashes. Analysis of the data proceeds by searching for associations between the various descriptive variables and involvements in particular types of crashes. The broad range of actors included permits a wide range of hypotheses to be tested.

Demographic and endocrinological aspects of low natural fertility in Highland New Guinea.

Abstract: The Gainj of highland Papua New Guinea do not use contraception but have a total fertility rate of only 4.3 live births/woman 1 of the lowest ever recorded in a natural fertility setting. Reproductive and marital histories were obtained from 305 females and 206 males aged 10+. Each subject was asked about: number of live born offspring ever produced; number of stillbirths ever produced; number and names of offspring currently being nursed; number of current and past spouses; and the cause of dissolution of all past marriages. Blood samples were drawn from 172 volunteer female subjects aged 10-60 years and ovarian function was classified by concentration of progesterone. From an analysis of these cross-sectional demographic and endocrinological data the causes of low reproductive output have been identified in women of this population as: late menarche and marriage a long interval between marriage and 1st birth a high probability of widowhood at later reproductive ages low effective fecundability and prolonged lactational amenorrhea. These are combined with near-universal marriage and a low prevalence of primary sterility similar to that found in other populations. Of all the factors limiting fertility by far the most important are those involved in birth spacing especially lactational amenorrhea. The effects of widowhood on Gainj fertility are negligible. Factors acting to lower fertility fall into 2 categories: those that determine the age of onset of reproduction and those that act to space births. Given the observed pattern of birth spacing however the delay in commencement of reproduction represents on average no more than 1 or 2 live births averted/woman. In contrast were age at 1st reproduction held constant while reducing birth intervals to a mean of 2.0-2.5 years total fertility would increase to about 7 or 8. Future research on natural fertility should focus on specific behavioral and physiological mechanisms governing the reproductive process.

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Abstract: Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

Human MotivationThe Mind in Action: A Study of Motives and Values. A. Campbell Garnett

Abstract: In his Preface the author' says that he started out to review all the more important theories upon the topics ordinarily discussed under human motivation but soon found himself more and more limited to the presentation of his own point of view. This very well characterizes the book. It is a very personal product. It is an outline with some defense of the author's own thinking about instincts and appetites and sentiments and how they function in human behavior. And as the author draws so heavily upon James and McDougall, especially the latter, the book may well be looked upon as a sort of sequel to their efforts. There is a thought-provoking distinction presented between instinct and appetite. An instinct is said to be aroused always by something in the external situation; and, correspondingly, an appetite is said to be aroused by sensations from within the body itself. This places, of course, a heavy emphasis upon the cognitive factor in all instinctive behaviors; and the author prefers to use the cognitive factor, especially the knowledge of that end-experience which will satisfy, as a means of differentiating one instinct from another. In this there is a recognized difference from McDougall who placed more emphasis for differentiation upon the emotional accompaniment. The list of instincts arrived at by this procedure is much like that of McDougall, although the author is forced by his criteria to present the possibility of food-seeking and sex and sleep operating both in the manner of an appetite and also as an instinct. The Shand-McDougall concept of sentiment is taken over and used in the explanation of moral motivation. There is the development within each personality of a sentiment for some moral principle. But this sentiment is not a very powerful motivating factor. It is reinforced by social pressures and by religion, which is treated as an effort of finite man to live in harmony with the infinite reality. Those whose psychological thinking is largely in terms of McDougall will doubtless find this volume a very satisfying expansion; but those who are at all inclined to support their psychological thinking by reference to experimental studies will not be so well pleased. The James-Lange theory, for example, is discussed without mention of the many experimental studies which it has provoked. Theoretical sources appear in general to be preferred to experimental investigations.

Growth at Adolescence.

Abstract: argument is often, if not acrimonious, at least heated. It gives an impression of the fluidity of opinion on many fundamental ideas under discussion and of the urgency with which cardiac cyanosis in the newborn is regarded. When Dr. William Muscott says that the earliest he has operated for pulmonary stenosis is on an infant 3 days old, and Sir Russell Brock agrees that the earlier in the first month that operation is undertaken the better, and when Dr. Varco asks Dr. Senning 'so far as I know they have never yet catheterized any child intrauterine in Sweden, but they have done it through the delivery canal sometimes-would you tell us the indications of the Scandinavian group for catheterization in the immediate newborn period?', one is indeed being kept up with the times. But that was two years ago and already some of the questions then debated have since been answered. This beautifully printed and well-illustrated stiff paperbacked volume is, and will for a few years yet remain, an invaluable companion to a full-scale textbook on congenital heart disease.

Timing of Pubertal Maturation in Girls: An Integrated Life History Approach.

Abstract: Life history theory provides a metatheoretical framework for the study of pubertal timing from an evolutionary-developmental perspective. The current article reviews 5 middle-level theories--energetics theory stress-suppression theory psychosocial acceleration theory paternal investment theory and child development theory--each of which applies the basic assumptions of life history theory to the question of environmental influences on timing of puberty in girls. These theories converge in their conceptualization of pubertal timing as responsive to ecological conditions but diverge in their conceptualization of: a. the nature extent and direction of environmental influences and; b. the effects of pubertal timing on other reproductive variables. Comparing hypotheses derived from the 5 perspectives are evaluated. An extension of W.T. Boyce and B.J. Elliss (in press) theory of stress reactivity is proposed to account for both inhibiting and accelerating effects of psychosocial stress on timing of pubertal development. This review highlights the multiplicity of (often unrecognized) perspectives guiding research raises challenges to virtually all of these and presents an alternative framework in an effort to move research forward in this arena of multidisciplinary inquiry. (authors)