Author
Kevin Holmes
Bio: Kevin Holmes is an academic researcher from Victoria University of Wellington. The author has contributed to research in topics: Double taxation & Tax avoidance. The author has an hindex of 3, co-authored 6 publications receiving 124 citations.
Papers
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01 Jan 2012TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a substance over form approach by reference to five factors: form and substance of an arrangement, timing, reference to steps taken to put the arrangement into place, financial effects, and tax consequences.
Abstract: Because the role of Chinese courts is limited, in general, to procedural matters, it is the tax administration that determines whether a transaction involves tax avoidance. This organ of the government places special emphasis on international tax avoidance arrangements. In particular, it has been concerned about the inappropriate use by multinational enterprises of double taxation treaties with third parties offering low tax rates on Chinese source income. This practice provided the impetus for enactment of a GAAR as part of reform of the Corporate Income Tax Law, effective in 2008. The GAAR provides authority to investigate certain anti-avoidance activities and authorizes the tax administration to employ a substance over form approach by reference to five factors. These factors permit the tax administration to consider the form and substance of an arrangement, timing, reference to steps taken to put the arrangement into place, financial effects, and tax consequences. If tax avoidance is uncovered, the tax administration is given authority to re-characterize the transaction according to economic reality. The adoption of a GAAR has had considerable impact on the activities of multinationals that may use conduit Chinese companies for investment only if there is economic substance to the arrangement.
92 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate relationships between claimed behaviour in a questionnaire and actual behaviour in an experimental environment, together with different behaviours between males and females, and different age cohorts.
Abstract: Purpose – This research aims to measure compliance in a tax experiment among students. The aim of the study is to investigate relationships between claimed behaviour in a questionnaire and actual behaviour in an experimental environment, together with different behaviours between males and females, and different age cohorts.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 630 undergraduate Commerce students at a New Zealand university completed a questionnaire on attitudes towards the tax system. The students subsequently participated in a simulation experiment requiring responses to hypothetical tax evasion decisions. Individual reward payments were contingent on the outcome of these tax evasion decisions. Questionnaire responses, which captured intended behaviour, were compared with actual behaviour in the experiment.Findings – The study finds more compliant behaviour among older students and students who have been at university longer. It also finds female students demonstrate more ethical responses in their b...
20 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the market place itself can resolve these concerns and render the accounting doctrine of accrual superfluous, and demonstrate the direct relationship between the traditional; Shanz-Haig-Simons definition of income and the present value formula, which is the foundation of the market approach to classify transactions correctly.
Abstract: Over many years various accounting authorities have grappled with the problem of appropriate recognition and classification of income and expenditure items in the preparation of financial accounts. One obvious case in point is the distinction between the ordinary revenue and capital gain nature of transactions; another is the inter-period allocation of expenditure. To a large extent, accounting attempts to resolve these issues by relying upon the statement preparer's subjective judgements. This approach has implications for other disciplines, such as taxation. Perpetuation of accounting imprecision is attributable to the inadequacy of the criteria used by prevailing accounting statements and conventions. This paper demonstrates that the market place itself can resolve these concerns. In doing so, it renders the accounting doctrine of accrual superfluous. The paper also develops and proves the direct relationship between the traditional; Shanz-Haig-Simons definition of income and the present value formula, which is the foundation of the market approach to classifying transactions correctly.
9 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors put in layman's terms the arguments for closer alignment of taxable income and the accounting measure of profit, and argued that there is considerable scope for greater coherence in the determination of the taxable income both within income tax law itself and between tax law and accounting.
Abstract: This article puts in layman's terms the arguments for closer alignment of taxable income and the accounting measure of profit. It canvasses the development of the legal notion of income for New Zealand taxation purposes and contrasts that with the economics and accounting interpretations. Advocating a broader application of the accounting concept of income, the paper asks what is so special about New Zealand not taxing capital gains. The author concedes that, from a tax policy perspective, a full alignment of the accounting and tax measures of income is not necessarily desirable. Nevertheless, the paper concludes that there is considerable scope for greater coherence in the determination of taxable income both within income tax law itself and between tax law and accounting.
3 citations
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the application of institutional theory to the topic of tax policy development and investigate the potential for historical institutionalism to explain the different approaches adopted by New Zealand and Australia in their respective tax treatment of retirement savings.
Abstract: Institutional theory is widely employed in disciplines ranging from history and sociology through to economics and political science. This article investigates the application of institutional theory to the topic of tax policy development. Authors such as Peters (1991), Steinmo (1993), Hale (2002) and Eccleston (2004) have successfully utilised institutional theory to explain the development of tax policy and differences in tax policy evolution across countries. This article adopts a case study perspective and investigates the potential for historical institutionalism to explain the different approaches adopted by New Zealand and Australia in their respective tax treatment of retirement savings. It is hypothesised that institutional theory will be challenged in explaining the different approaches adopted in two countries that are similar politically, economically and culturally and that face common social problems, in particular that of an ageing population.
2 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a methodology for estimating an average student's personal carbon footprint and deployed it at a university in Shanghai, where they created and administered an online structured survey to capture students' energy consumption patterns, behavioral tendencies, and willingness to engage in energy conservation.
112 citations
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TL;DR: This study provides comprehensive chloroplast genomic resources, which will be valuable for future studies of evolution and species identification in Fritillaria.
Abstract: The genus Fritillaria comprises approximately 130 perennial herbaceous species. In the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China, the bulbs of 11 Fritillaria species are used in Chinese herbal medicines. However, the traditional methods of morphological classification cannot accurately identify closely related species of Fritillaria. Previous studies have attempted to identify these species with universal molecular markers, but insufficient phylogenetic signal was available. In this study, the complete chloroplast genomes of eight Fritillaria species were compared. The length of the eight Fritillaria chloroplast genomes ranges from 151,009 bp to 152,224 bp. A total of 136 SSR loci were identified, including 124 polymorphic SSR loci. For large repeat sequences, 108 repeat loci and four types of repeats were observed. Ten highly variable regions were identified as potential molecular markers. These SSRs, large repeat sequences and highly variable regions provide important information for the development of genetic markers and DNA fingerprints. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the topological structures of all data sets (except the IR regions) were in complete agreement and well resolved. Overall, this study provides comprehensive chloroplast genomic resources, which will be valuable for future studies of evolution and species identification in Fritillaria.
105 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of accounting research published within the Asia Pacific Region by analysing nine of the main accounting journals within the region along five dimensions is presented, i.e., most frequently cited papers, topical coverage, impact on practice, research method, and noted authors.
Abstract: In this paper, we review scholarly accounting research published within the Asia Pacific Region by analysing nine of the main accounting journals within the region along five dimensions. The nine journals we focus on are: Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal; Australian Accounting Review; Abacus; Accounting and Finance; Australian Journal of Management; Accounting Research Journal; Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics; Managerial Auditing Journal; and Pacific Accounting Review. The five dimensions we consider are: the most frequently cited papers; topical coverage; impact on practice; research method; and noted authors. Our review leads us to conclude that the accounting journals published within the Asia Pacific region make a significant contribution to research and practice both within the region and internationally.
97 citations
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TL;DR: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has been banned in China for decades, and yet high DDT concentrations are still being detected in the Chinese environment, at least partly due to the current use of dicofol formulation, which contains DDT as an impurity.
79 citations
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TL;DR: It is shown that reducing the high rate of fertilizer application is a feasible way of attenuating the global-warming potential while maintaining the optimum yield for the studied paddy fields.
72 citations